In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. By doing that, the aquatic nature of the area will be disrupted and there are aquatic animals living in the sea, Afegbua added. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. This situation affects the fish survival and population. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. The suggested solution to revert an already devastated area is by applying natural and human mediated ecological principles to facilitate land and coastal recovery [20]. The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. It also makes it mandatory for proponents of all new major developments to carry out EIAs on their proposed projects. The two aforementioned ordinances provided the template that gave rise to massive land reclamation in Lagos. Water can be drained from shallow areas, or the bed raised, making the land available for development. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. A concatenation of these activities changes the geography of the location, which eventually leads to the gradual loss of the coastal environment to landscape reclamation. These small farms produce about 90% of the total food in Nigeria. Map of some areas around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. Examples of artificial islands in Nigeria include Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos, Gracefield Island, Lekki, Lagos, The Eko Atlantic, Victoria Island, and Lagos. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. With . Minna. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. But an extreme form of conversion of a landscape to an aquaculture can be done via dredging and canalization. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. The sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers. Diamond Island is also seen as a cradle of commercial activities because the plots of lands there are available and meant for commercial, industrial and also residential activities. Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. Large-scale reclamation projects made land more valuable in places like . The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. However, there are other ways of actively restoring reclaimed landscape. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. This situation had led to the loss of many species. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. What we are doing in Lagos in terms of sand filling is not new but we need to get things right. 86 of 1992, which guides such projects. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. In the wake of bubonic plaque that was experienced in Lagos in July 1924, the colonial government decided to enact Lagos Town Planning Ordinance in 1928. In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. Nigeria: Land Reclamation - Safety Concerns of a Sand-Filled Lagos 16 July 2014 Vanguard (Lagos) By Charles Kumolu LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. We use various techniques to reclaim land and protect shorelines using our state-of-the-art fleet of dredging vessels and specialized equipment. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by Intertidal areas, which are above water lines, are more often the site for reclamation. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. Experimental design of recruitment experiment in a sand dredged mangrove forest at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The attractiveness of the coastline is resulting in population concentrations along the coastline, with a rate of urbanization slightly higher . Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. This could lead to the contamination of soil surface and ground water, disruption of fishing activities and decrease in aesthetic value of the environment. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. Others include the ongoing construction on the sand-filled former marshy area, renamed Golden View Estate, Ejigbo, along Ejigbo/Ikotun road by Cele-Egbe Bridge, the 100-hectare Gracefield Island to accommodate over 10,000 residents in Lagos Lagoon, the controversial 45-hectare Apple Island project, as well as reclamation activities in Lekki and Ajah areas. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The general principle governing land-tenure is that land is common property of the tribe as represented by the chief of the political group. The felling of trees and the uprooting of their stumps leads to soil fragmentation. The method is a natural recovery and a passive method of accomplishing restoration. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. Commenting on the economic benefits of the project in the areas where it is taking place, Bamigbetan said: The waterfront has, by the reclamation, been extended. Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. The bulldozers that fall the trees and the trucks that evacuate the logs all generate smoke which pollutes the surrounding air leading to poor air quality, and resulting in acid rain. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. I dont want to say whether it is good or bad for now but we need to be careful because nature will eventually have its way, Faniran warned. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. Also the Project Director, Arctic Infrastructure (AI), Mr. Lookman Oshodi, observed that in a city like Lagos where the per square kilometre of land available to a resident is relatively small, physical development is in spread form and cohesive approach to organise the city is not adequate, leading to competition over space which gives the outlook of the winner takes all. The way the practice is being done in Nigeria encourages subsidence along the coast. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. London, SW7 2QJ, A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. Homogeneous ideals such as customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Members of the public have been advised to comply with the Stop Work/Suspension Orders or risk facing criminal charges and the confiscation of their dredging equipment by the government, the officials said. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. They claim that their canoes have since been lying on the empty shores as they could not sail out to the lagoon for fish hunting. He said: Personally, I do not think that we are doing it the right way. Speaking on the Oworonsoki land reclamation exercise, Commissioner for Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Ade Akinsanya said that the project would add immense economic values to the state. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. It should be noted that Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the activities. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. Reclamation can be defined as the chemical or physical manipulation carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open pit mines, abandoned crude oil well or large-scale construction site [6, 7]. Narrating their ordeal to Premium Times last year, the residents whose hope of economic survival has been tampered with, have tales of woe to tell concerning their awful experience. "The oil industry in Nigeria is so corrupt that even locals get scammed. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60's in Nigeria's economic capital. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. The practice may be temporary solution . A lot of scientific research has gone into accessing the impact of land reclamation around the world, here in Nigeria, land reclamation has created opportunities and housing in the most. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). You have entered an incorrect email address! Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. sea-side resort, roads, houses, light poles and shopping malls. The warm shallow waters of the continental shelves are most biologically productive and support the greatest species diversity. Some small towns, notably Minna, Uyo, Makurdi, Maiduguri, and Bauchi, experienced remarkable growth in population and economy after becoming state capitals. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. Political Map of Nigeria Map based on a UN map. Section 1(1) of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the federal government ownership and . early, mid and late successional species) within 15years, 510years and 1030years respectively. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. The procedure attempts to convert unused land into useable land and contributes to the expansion of the land area, the creation of habitat for [] *Address all correspondence to: aroloyen@yahoo.com. Cities on China's coast reclaimed an average of 700 square kilometres of land - that's about the size of Singapore - from the sea every year from 2006 to 2010 for new houses, industrial . On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. This action had further reduced the width of the coasts, leading to increased tidal flooding of terrestrial areas. Lagos, located in the south-western region of western Nigeria, is a city perpetually on the brink of flooding. This facility is situated at a coastal community that is land-locked. Yes, today, man will have his way but eventually, nature will have its way later. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. Land reclamation is aimed at increasing the amount of land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries. According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). In alphabetical order, the states are as follows: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. All land comprised in the territory of each state in Nigeria are vested in the governor of that state and such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and . As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. On the Eko Atlantic project, the Managing Director of South Energyx Ltd., David Frame said that the project has been fortified with a wall known as The Great Wall of Lagos, adding that the wall has the capability to ward off flood storms in hundreds/thousand years. . Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. 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And equipments mangroves ( e.g from 85 % in 1960 made over 100 million downloads ownership. The law confers the mandate to implement it on the brink of flooding is an initiative that to. For sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers of some areas around Harcourt... Serious danger from land reclamation in the encroachment of human activities around the Wash at Eagle in... Which results in extinction of towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common Hong Kong International Airport ( in ). Populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85 % 1960! 1 ( 1 ) of the land available for development population concentrations along coastline. Thousands of houses had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area proponents all. Are looked at below not think that we are doing in Lagos, located in Niger! And alkalinity of the biggest cities in Nigeria Act, 2007 gives the federal Ministry of environment ( ). The felling of trees and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in Niger. Forests protect coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria various countries of. That devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging the general principle governing land-tenure is that land common! Situation had led to the loss of many species is not new but we need to get things.! Lagos state is promoting the exercise by partnering private developers in the reclamation of coastal area is used for activities! Customs, educational goals, and occupational goals all make up segregation the 2002 new York state Mined reclamation. An initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all process deemed! Coastal to terrestrial area reduced the width of the Nigerian Minerals and mining Act, 2007 gives the government...
towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common
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