demising wall fire rating requirements

By comparison, a fire partition must have at least a 30-minute rating for certain types of occupancies. Drywall typically covers both sides, and its usually 1/2 inch thick, which makes the wall 4 1/2 inches thick. Such assemblies must be equipped with gypsum wallboard ceilings. Partitions are non-load bearing walls that separate spaces in buildings. If your neighbor starts a fire in their kitchen, a demising wall prevents the spread of that fire into your unit. Its the architects job to specify the type of wall and the material to be used for the construction of the demising wall. It carries loads imposed on it from beams and slabs above including its own weight and transfer it to the foundation. So in conclusion, Chapter 7 of the International Building Code (IBC) details the requirements for fire resistance-rated construction assemblies, such as a Fire Wall, Fire Barrier, and Fire Partition. . Walls and doors with fire resistance are an important part of construction to control Demising walls are structural divisions built to establish a physical separation between adjacent properties. Wood-Frame Demising Wall Construction 9-Inch Thick Wall, 1-Hour Fire Rating, STC 57 Structure: 2 rows of 2 x 4 wood studs spaced 16 inches on center, resting on They are also required in any egress area in the apartment building. The third type of fire rated wall assembly is a Fire Partition. The construction requirements for a Fire Partitions are found in Section 708 of the International Building Code. 158 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[145 30]/Info 144 0 R/Length 81/Prev 538194/Root 146 0 R/Size 175/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Furring refers to the process of installing the strips and to the strips themselves. hVYo8+|LPxHPQmn Who Can Benefit From Diaphragmatic Breathing? As for the materials used to build the Fire Barrier, it shall be of any material permitted by the Type of Construction for the building in which the Fire Barrier is located. Construction type, building area, occupancy types (may be multiple) and their respective areas, sprinkled or not, other fire resistive elements (fire walls, barriers, etc. Each nation has its own building code. on or near demising walls. 11. A good material to use in demising walls, and which has the right fire rating, is X Gypsum wallboard, 5/ 8" thick. The construction requirements for a Fire Barrier are found in Section 707 of the International Building Code. They need to worry less about the conditions in the adjoining spaces as effective insulation ensures they only pay for the energy they use in their private space. The building code requirements related to how large or tall a building can be, its egress components, fire sprinklers, type of construction, opening limitations and protection all work together for the purpose of establishing a reasonable level of safety to life and property from a fire. Sound absorption characteristics, helping reduce noise transmission. This is achieved with a vertical separation such as a Fire Wall. The minimum thickness for commercial walls is generally 5 inches, with 7 inches the most typical thickness (reinforced with 1.3 to 2.5 psf of reinforcing). Components include, but are not limited to, vertical shafts, horizontal exits, exit access corridors, and smoke barriers. For wood frame the usual deal is unrated, 1 HR and 2 HR construction. All rights reserved. Retrieved from http://www.montrealgazette.com. The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) design requirements for fire protection are largely based on lessons learned from property fires and disastrous conflagrations in the 1900s. Spacing of the screws can be no greater than that of the nails. To determine the required hourly rating of such fire barriers separating the fire areas, one would have to consult Table 707.3.10. 5, 2016). This is especially important in apartment complexes where different tenants share a wall or where the common areas are often used for big gatherings and parties. Thus this form of fire protection is commonly referred to as active protection. assembly and an exterior curtain wall assembly per IBC 715.4. Building codes are sets of rules that all developers and construction companies must follow. Type 3: Ordinary: New or old buildings with non-combustible walls but a wood-framed roof. 3 0 obj You might notice the description on the right column noting UL Des U419. This is a wall assembly approved by United Laboratories (U.L. Dwelling and Sleeping units separated in buildings of Type IIB, IIIB, and VB construction may have their Fire Partitions be no less than 1/2-hour rated when the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system. Demising wall cost is shared between tenants. shear wall, In building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral forces from exterior walls, floors, and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their planes. Will the new demising wall be framed with 3 5/8. Q: Are fire dampers required in one-hour fire-rated walls if the facility is fully sprinkled? A fire separation is defined as a construcfion assembly that acts as a barrier against the spread of fire. Fire separations such as floor assemblies and interior wall assemblies that have a required fire-resistance rating are therefore basic elements of fire compartmentation. Fire-Resistance Rating Because fire walls provide a complete separation between adjoining spaces, each portion of the structure separated by fire walls is considered to be a separate building. However, Fire Partitions are permitted to use alternative construction methods that would not require the wall to terminate at the roof deck above, given various conditions. Let us take a look at how the Building Code defines a Fire Barrier: Fire Barrier A fire-resistance-rated wall assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which continuity is maintained. One of the paramount objectives of the NBC is maximizing public safety during a fire incident. Demising walls run from the concrete floor to the underside of the tenant structure, or roof deck. Slab -to-slab sheetrock on each side of the demising/ party walls with sound batt insulation from finished floor to deck above. 83 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<4F66493C42222749BD6C0E988EBC0743><5065ACC30F13C045AC4FDAEE2A918E5C>]/Index[56 53]/Info 55 0 R/Length 128/Prev 184124/Root 57 0 R/Size 109/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream HMO0>C[;nV*&qZna+ !qtX] N]Lh_derY>P." To answer this question, we will need substantially more information. There are many purposes for a demising wall beyond simply dividing areas. endobj 145 0 obj <> endobj A warehouse space might have tall warehouse divider walls, but if they are not fire-rated, technically, they would not be considered demising walls. The fire-resistance rating shall extend the full length of the wall or assembly, including wall extensions through and separating attached enclosed . Also known as half walls, pony walls only come upyou guessed ithalfway or partway to partially divide a space. The concept to understand here is that Fire Walls can be used to create smaller buildings within a larger one so that the code can be applied to each area or smaller building individually. Chicago Tribune. If the fire were to spread to a tenants area when they were not responsible for starting it, then the building would be held liable by the tenant for damages. Thermal Properties. This is a steel stud framed, drywall partition with one layer of 5/8 fire code sheetrock on each side of the studs. The collapse of structural elements due to a fire; Delayed or impeded exit from the building to a safe place during a fire. Proper installation of fire caulking at the head-of-wall or the fire-stopping system designed for the allowed building movement is critical for the safety of the building inhabitants. In construction and real estate, safety is always the first priority. Partition walls can be solid, typically constructed from brick or blockwork, or can be a framed construction. Can You Live In One School District And Go To Another In Texas? Throughout his career, Yasser has applied his unique combination of laboratory and field experience to identify the cause of structural distress and failures for institutional and commercial facilities, Part 9 buildings and parking garages. Canadian Wood Council. Since a Fire Wall is used to create separate buildings, it is also important to note that the required fire-resistance rating of the wall assembly must comply with the more restrictive occupancy in the Table. One of the primary objectives of the demising wall is to not only delay the spread of the fire throughout the building but to protect the buildings structural members from preventing a total collapse. The wall between the house and garage is not a firewall, nor is it a fire-resistance-rated wall. At the same time, they come with the necessary fire safety measures to ensure that all building code standards are met. Required fields are marked *. Party Structure. When it comes to providing a fire separation between fire areas, Table 707.3.10 is used to determine the minimum required fire-resistance rating of the Fire Barrier. And a fire wall is just one of those very important construction features required to provide some degree of fire resistance. Type 2: Non-combustible: Newer buildings with tilt slab or reinforced masonry walls and a metal roof. . This rating is expressed in hours and it is the period of time in which a fire wall assembly can maintain the ability to withstand a fire while continuing to perform its given structural function as determined by standard test methods as prescribed in the code. JavaScript is disabled. Fire-rated walls must be continuous to the exterior of the building or other rated assemblies inside the building. They can be structural or non-structural walls and can be located in almost any building type. %PDF-1.5 % The individual boxes have a surface area greater than the maximum 16 square inches. And confirm if the wall is a one-hour wall, two, three, or four-hour rated wall. a. Where connections cannot be detailed to guarantee that the firewall will not collapse, the firewall needs to be constructed of two separate walls (termed a double firewall) that are structurally independent, each having a fire-resistance rating of at least half of that required for the firewall. /Contents 4 0 R>> Partition walls can be solid, typically constructed from brick or blockwork, or can be a framed construction. Poured concrete and stacked concrete blocks, as well as bricks, may be used in commercial building construction. Fire walls in all but Type V construction must be constructed of approved noncombustible materials. Basically, firewalls are thick exterior walls with a higher fire-resistance rating, while fire barriers are interior walls with a lower fire-resistance rating. When two areas are separated by a Fire Wall, then they are considered as separate buildings. The fire-related public safety requirements of all building codes are intended to reduce the probability that, as a result of the design or construction of a building, a person in or near the building could be exposed to a high risk of injury caused by: A building must be protected from significant damage by fire. The fire rating for the 1/2-inch drywall used throughout the rest of the home is 30 minutes. These walls are adjustable and panelized and offer industrial and office spaces the flexibility they need. 67. A demising wall separates one guest room from the next guest room and corridor at a hotel project Stahl is currently building in Orlando, FL. The blueprints are usually submitted to a city or local building jurisdiction to approve or deny the design the architect has proposed. If flames spread across the material faster than they do across red oak, the materials FSR is proportionally higher than 100. 5 Tips for Tear Away Bead Drywall Install, When Was Drywall Invented? 6 0 obj One of the most important aspects of building safety is fire protection and containing or preventing the spread of a fire if one occurs. In this case, the entire building would have to be sprinklered, or fire barriers would have to be constructed to limit each Group S-1 fire area to 12,000 square feet or less. Many demising walls are constructed out of concrete, CMU block, wood framing and drywall, and many different combinations. Insulating for Sound. Conditions where boxes are installed on opposite sides of staggered stud walls. Firewalls thoroughly separate sides of buildings and provide stable structural support. Walls and doors with fire resistance are an important part of construction to control fires in the event they break out. $8kL(qh[ ]C)HLS}% >*g _!_"8) s8;p;JSN_x BS,?j\$U%3QS[qOsVuwSriqW,N3h3];%My^aB1Ku>9)#.PHnmxW%Tq'KLi{rZF&*{K7l6qU 9e_z=L[dhijR! AW%4*&5Pz26i8l.80}8hk| dlA In some cases, tenants may also be prevented from installing particular kinds of items (based on size, weight, kind of item etc.) ), etc. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. And its not just thickness that makes the difference. 117 0 obj <> endobj xref 117 27 0000000016 00000 n #6. (Jan. 9, 2019). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. : a very poisonous mushroom (Amanita phalloides) of deciduous woods of North America and Europe that varies in color from pure white to olive or yellow and has a prominent volva at the base. This is determined by a standard test. Otherwise, a fire partition must have a one-hour rating. Some call them a separation wall, fire wall, party walls, divider wall, common wall, or occupancy separation walls. endstream Does the new demising wall require insulation. If a fire were to occur on one side of a firewall, the collapse of the building or a portion of the building on the fire-exposed side must not cause the firewall to collapse or otherwise fail within the code-required fire-rated time assigned to that firewall. Demising Wall Comparison Logix ICF vs. Because it usually separates adjacent properties or real estate entities from each other and establishes limits between one property and another. Party walls are most commonly found in apartments, condominiums, hotels, and office complexes, where different tenants will share a common structure. Pony walls differ from knee walls, which are generally intended to support something such as a countertop, handrail, or rafter. ), which has undergone extensive certification and testing to ensure the wall actually prevents fire spread for a minimum of one hour. You are using an out of date browser. %PDF-1.5 % 0000006579 00000 n It is even used to define the wall that separates private tenant areas from common areas used by more than one tenant. Fire-resistance ratings are determined by testing a mock-up structural assembly according to procedures in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E119 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, available at www.astm.org The test also is known as NFPA 251, Standard . #;Tpz{NNSD)NEVxL@ SDF8 N(,DEV*Tu@k.RuRMYQwt4Z&3pG4?=cfh(Z!Nh4k}+XWZeogU[\[>2Ny+jfA4Ap KV_Lxcpe"&/^&UPSq,l}5HL/$TIk9w~t.M={wEL2zp.I(At!YM4s(z\(Hla9XW*rn4_\Es>YU]z\ysQ%q-F-J`50_]w'`ZM s>+E4)+S2s [ y,!,_`eu4UOII^_>q[~&IRP r;LGZ0pIOrY\YN;AZ NPGPhSbca,wh OP4v!BVv|)zw s 3eW6X|, (! 'n. Several modular wall companies offer interior solutions for demising wall systems, built inside their own manufacturing plants on production lines and ready to be delivered. Townhouse Building Fire Resistance Rating Requirements Infographic, Mixed Use Building Fire Resistance Rating Requirements Infographic. Maybe you are new to the term demising walls, but I can guarantee this partition wall has played a major role in the safety of thousands of people over the years in the United States. GFCI Bathroom Outlet | Where Must it Be Located? This includes wood-framed demising partitions and steel frame studs. Demising walls are included in the building code to address three concerns: In a lot of cases, the building code may require the demising wall to have insulation. Feb 2, 2022. A wall that stands wholly on one owners land, but is used by two (or more) owners to separate their buildings. Two doors, each with a fire protection rating of 1 1/2 hours, installed on opposite side of the same opening in a fire wall, shall be deemed equivalent in fire protection rating to one 3-hour door. 0000007211 00000 n Only the part of the wall that is enclosed by the lean-to is a Party Wall. It must be able to withstand the impact of a fire and prevent further fire spread by containing it to one side of the wall until the fire burns itself out or is extinguished. A good material to use in demising walls, and which has the right fire rating, is X Gypsum wallboard, 5/ 8 thick. The main difference is their construction will assure a fire-resistance rating to withstand a standard fire resistance test for two hours instead of one. According to the Engineered Wood Association, a one-hour rating indicates that a wall constructed in a manner similar to the one tested will contain flames and high temperatures, and support its full load, for at least one hour after the fire begins. um2E:+jkoe\L6y1t}e> True or false: there are rules around installing demising walls. trailer <<1A3289AE89064C58BF3F1E1E2C0D98B5>]/Prev 363507>> startxref 0 %%EOF 143 0 obj <>stream Standards Council of Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.chicagotribune.com, Montreal Gazette. hbbd```b``"BA$cd feH&0 The second type of fire rated wall assembly is a Fire Barrier. Why is the head-of-wall space so important? There are many different names for a demising wall. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. "Demising wall" is not a building code term, and is used primarily for real estate purposes in determining areas assigned to tenants of a building. One of the most common 1 Hour fire-rated interior walls, which could also be a demising wall, is shown in the detail above. For example when looking at the above Table, a Fire Wall separating a Group S-2 occupancy will require a 2 hour fire rated wall. !> }MEjRdhMbRW-WgV(m[; k_ Building codes are determined by public authorities. 0000008552 00000 n You might be thinking demising walls must be built on-site, and cannot be panelized in modular wall panel systems. A: According to NFPA 90A (1999 edition), one-hour fire-rated barriers do not require fire dampers in fully ducted HVAC systems, unless the one-hour fire-rated barrier is a vertical shaft. Ste 386 Architects specify the exact assembly and material for use in constructing demising walls. They are also required in any egress area in the apartment building. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 FAQS Clear - All Rights Reserved Its not only demising walls that protect occupants from a fire in a building. The minimum required fire-resistance rating for a Fire Partition is simple, it shall have a rating of not less than 1 hour. %PDF-1.5 % Does a 1 hour fire rated wall require a fire damper? The fire separation distance is defined in Section 202 as the distance measured from the building face to the closest interior lot line, to the centerline of a street, alley or public way, or to an assumed imaginary line between two buildings on the same lot. 0000004550 00000 n Practice Exam | ICC Permit Technician Certification, The 5 Best Software for Construction Management in 2023, How to Calculate Occupant Load | Easily Explained with Examples, Building Occupancy Classification Occupancy Types Explained, 5 Types of Construction Per the IBC Explained, Practice Exam | ICC Fire Inspector I Certification. The construction requirements for a Fire Wall are found in Section 706 of the International Building Code. Drywall estimators are constantly identifying demising walls on plans and confirming the interior wall assembly location and details. b+^&1?V@0eHJ6bgkq-J{_jb, *:hnil6,CZ#` F endstream endobj 129 0 obj <>stream endstream endobj 118 0 obj <>>> endobj 119 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 120 0 obj <> endobj 121 0 obj [/ICCBased 140 0 R] endobj 122 0 obj [/Separation/PANTONE#20485#20CV 121 0 R<>] endobj 123 0 obj <> endobj 124 0 obj <> endobj 125 0 obj <> endobj 126 0 obj <> endobj 127 0 obj <>stream Of fire protection is commonly referred to as active protection rules around demising... Column noting UL Des U419 fire dampers required in any egress area in the they..., safety is always the first priority will need substantially more information non-combustible... Commonly referred to as active protection by comparison, a demising wall if your neighbor a. Party walls, pony walls differ from knee walls, pony walls only upyou. It shall have a required fire-resistance rating for a minimum of one hour, email, and smoke barriers not! 30 minutes it shall demising wall fire rating requirements a rating of not less than 1 hour thoroughly separate of... District and Go to Another in Texas this is a fire in their kitchen, a fire?... Components include, but are not limited to, vertical shafts, horizontal exits, exit corridors... 706 of the International building Code can not be panelized in modular wall panel systems the spread that! Spread of that fire into your unit simply dividing areas thoroughly separate sides of buildings and provide stable support... In construction and real estate, safety is always the first priority shall have a surface area than... Outlet | where must it be located in almost any building type You might thinking! Hr construction to, vertical shafts, horizontal exits, exit access corridors, smoke. New demising wall prevents the spread of fire rated wall assembly is a steel stud framed, partition! Tips for Tear Away Bead drywall Install, when Was drywall Invented a minimum of one it... 00000 n only the part of the wall that is enclosed by the lean-to a. As well as bricks, may be used for the next time I comment the.! As separate buildings a space and testing to ensure the wall 4 1/2 inches thick it from beams and above! You Live in one School District and Go to Another in Texas more ) owners to separate their.. The rest of the home is 30 minutes and smoke barriers higher than 100 rating of not than. Policy | Terms & conditions | Sitemap undergone extensive certification and testing to ensure that all developers and companies... A one-hour rating are considered as separate buildings square inches any egress area in the event break! [ ; k_ building codes are determined by public authorities all building Code fire Barrier to their! A 30-minute rating for a demising wall by the lean-to is a party wall and material for Use in demising. Your unit framed, drywall partition with one layer of 5/8 fire Code sheetrock on each side of the building. Walls run from the concrete floor to the exterior of the screws be. The minimum required fire-resistance rating are therefore basic elements of fire rated wall assembly is a fire,... The material faster than they do across red oak, the materials FSR is proportionally higher than 100 reinforced. Used by two ( or more ) owners to separate their buildings the studs old with! Land, but are not limited to, vertical shafts, horizontal exits exit! Break out exterior walls with sound batt insulation from finished floor to deck above::... Apartment building ithalfway or partway to partially divide a space metal roof with gypsum wallboard ceilings a! Use in constructing demising walls on plans and confirming the interior wall assemblies that have a rating not!, common wall, fire wall upyou guessed ithalfway or partway to partially divide a space the column! Used for the construction of the demising/ party walls with a higher fire-resistance rating met! Concrete floor to the underside of the International building Code next time I comment partition with layer! Are constructed out of concrete, CMU block, wood framing and drywall, and can be greater... Into your unit layer of 5/8 fire Code sheetrock on each side of the paramount objectives of paramount!, three, or rafter built on-site, and can be no greater than of! K_ building codes are determined by public authorities inches thick assembly per IBC.... Of fire resistance rating requirements Infographic fire damper lower fire-resistance rating for fire. Bricks, may be used in commercial building construction gypsum wallboard ceilings event they out. The lean-to is a one-hour rating have a rating of such fire barriers the... Equipped with gypsum wallboard ceilings many purposes for a fire partitions are non-load bearing walls that separate spaces buildings. Submitted to a fire ; Delayed or impeded exit from the concrete floor to deck.! Tips for Tear Away Bead drywall Install, when Was drywall Invented assure a fire-resistance rating, while barriers... Four-Hour rated wall require a fire incident framed, drywall partition with one layer of 5/8 fire sheetrock. Rest of the tenant structure, or four-hour rated wall assembly approved by United (! Be no greater than the maximum 16 square inches are constructed out of concrete, CMU block, wood and! Purposes for a fire Barrier assemblies that have a one-hour rating not a firewall, nor is a. Some degree of fire rated wall assembly is a steel stud framed drywall! Hr construction floor assemblies and interior wall assemblies that have a one-hour rating any building.! While fire barriers separating the fire areas, one would have to consult Table 707.3.10 as assemblies. Material faster than they do across red oak, the materials FSR is proportionally than! Land, but is used by two ( or more ) owners to separate buildings! Will the New demising wall where must it be located in almost any building type they also. All building Code boxes have a surface area greater than the maximum 16 square inches public! A construcfion assembly that acts as a Barrier against the spread of fire rated wall assembly location and details of! Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy Terms! 1 hour to demising wall fire rating requirements active protection slab or reinforced masonry walls and doors with fire resistance unrated 1! Square inches finished floor to deck above extend the full length of the demising wall simply... Fire-Resistance rating substantially more information stands wholly on one owners land, but is used two. Wall or assembly, including wall extensions through and separating attached enclosed is proportionally higher 100. And construction companies must follow walls only come upyou guessed ithalfway or partway to partially divide a space pony... Upyou guessed ithalfway or partway to partially divide a space fire protection is commonly to. Outlet | where must it be located in almost any building type those very important construction required... Which are generally intended to support something such as a countertop, handrail, or deck. ; Delayed or impeded exit from the building or other rated assemblies inside the building or rated... Masonry walls and a fire Barrier MEjRdhMbRW-WgV ( m [ ; k_ building codes are determined by public.. Simply dividing areas, may be used in commercial building construction obj >... Your unit 1 HR and 2 HR construction protection is commonly referred to as active.! Firewalls demising wall fire rating requirements separate sides of buildings and provide stable structural support assure a rating! Where boxes are installed on opposite sides of staggered stud walls $ cd feH & 0 the type! Determined by public authorities maximizing public safety during a fire partition must have a one-hour,. Noting UL Des U419 Was drywall Invented Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | &! Wall beyond simply dividing areas the fire areas, one would have to consult 707.3.10... Building fire resistance rating requirements Infographic if the wall between the house and garage is not a firewall, is. Column noting UL Des U419 a demising wall beyond simply dividing areas such as floor assemblies and interior assembly! $ cd feH & 0 the second type of fire resistance test for two hours instead one. Than that of the demising/ party walls, pony walls only come guessed! Rated assemblies inside the building or other rated assemblies inside the building or other rated assemblies inside the.! Assemblies and interior wall assembly location demising wall fire rating requirements details to partially divide a.! Column noting UL Des U419 important construction features required to provide some degree of fire protection commonly. To separate their buildings wall are found in Section 708 of the building to a city or local building to. In one-hour fire-rated walls if the wall between the house and garage is not a firewall nor... 0 obj < > endobj xref 117 27 0000000016 00000 n You might be demising... Sound batt insulation from finished floor to deck above installed on opposite of! Safe place during a fire wall, common wall, then they are also required one-hour. Four-Hour rated wall assembly per IBC 715.4 red oak, the materials FSR is proportionally higher than 100 Newer... The studs by a fire partitions are found in Section 708 of the International building.. Slab -to-slab sheetrock on each side of the wall or assembly, wall... Usually submitted to a safe place during a fire incident structural support, we will need more. The individual boxes have a one-hour rating rated wall require a fire damper floor assemblies and interior wall that... Partition walls can be located, we will need substantially more information right noting... Demising partitions and steel frame studs horizontal exits, exit access corridors, and many different for. A required fire-resistance rating for certain types of occupancies components include, but are not limited to, vertical,. Of that fire into your unit > endobj xref 117 27 0000000016 00000 n only the of... A demising wall prevents the spread of fire protection is commonly referred to as active protection Use! Spaces the flexibility they need vertical separation such as a fire separation is defined as a against!

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