kousa dogwood leaves curling

This disease is caused by several species of fungi that attack plants by inserting their haustoria (feeding structures) deep into host cells to extract nutrients. These compact landscape plants are favorites of gardeners for their ease of care, but can develop cupping leaves in response to common troubles, reports the University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. Make sure there is 1-3" mulch over the roots to keep the soil cool, moist and the weeds out. Watch your inboxand be sure to add us to your address book to ensure you receive our e-mails. I have VERY sandy soil here in Northwest Indiana where my Kousa Dogwood is planted in full sun. Be sure to apply the solution early in the day when its sunny out so it has time to dry before nightfall. Seeds I bought a Cornus Kousa 'Satomi' dogwood from the Seaside Dennis Seven Dees in September 2019. Garden tools To make it well-drained, add some compost or organic matter to the soil. If the soil gets dry easily, cover the root area with accurate mulch. Since each situation will have its own specific set of issues and challenges, a custom-tailored solution must be developed in order to achieve success in plant health and growth. Widely cultivated as an ornamental, it is naturalized in New York State. In that way, along with your Dogwoods, other veggies, fruits, and flowers will get benefitted. Due to the fiery sun, the leaves start to evaporate more water than regular & thus become dry by loosening their moisture content. Help! link to Why are my hazelnuts empty? Make sure youre giving them enough water so they dont wilt and become too susceptible to infestation. The soil is well drained as we are on chalk ? LEGAL DISCLAIMER: PlantGardener.com is monetized through the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Prune off any infected leaves as soon as you see them. Id really hate to dig it out because this is the first time in five years that Ive gotten a bract, yep one single bract. When it's overwatering, simply reduce your watering frequency, and if you think it's a nutrient deficiency, here's how to check it: After that, I tried to find out. Chemical sprays do not cure anthracnose, and the best defense against the disease is keeping dogwood trees healthy. If the soil gets dry easily, cover the root area with accurate mulch. However, if you exceed this recommended depth, the tree may grow shallower, surface roots that are more susceptible to drought, frost injury and heat damage. I live in Toronto. Why are my hazelnuts empty? If your dogwood leaves are turning brown with dry crisp foliage and falling off, this can be because of less water in the soil. During times of drought water every 7 to 10 days. The leaves have curled and are turning brown at the tips. Often, simply thinning the canopy is enough to destroy the fruiting bodies of this fungus. Leaf Scorch A variety of environmental stressors can cause an alarming curl -- known as leaf scorch -- in dogwood leaves. Test the soil to ensure that your dogwood is getting the nutrients it needs and provide supplemental irrigation if the soil feels dry to the touch; extra irrigation will also help trees troubled by drying winds. It would be difficult to use too many Kousa . So, a curled leaf can either mean it is already done evaporating & now burning out or can mean that it is decreasing the leaf surface to reduce the evaporation rate. Give the tree the right amount of water. trees often develop unattractive leaf curling throughout canopies during hot and/or dry weather. Let me know if it shows any distress other than leaf curl. Kousa dogwood (C. kousa) and hybrids of kousa and native dogwood (C. florida) are resistant to anthracnose and decline and should be used to replace dying trees. Without further ado, lets dive into it. Hazelnuts (also commonly called filberts) have quite a unique issue - empty hazelnuts are a common occurrence. I have three wonderful kids and an amazing wife, Chrissie, who very patiently listens to me go on and on about trees on a daily basis. In such a case, not only did the plant get physically damaged, but it totally lost its beauty. Kousa dogwoods are very sturdy trees when young, but this changes with age. Amazon.com Disclosure: As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. After that, shake the mixture properly. I bought a Cornus Kousa 'Satomi' dogwood from the Seaside Dennis Seven Dees in September 2019. Remember that kousa dogwood differs from flowering dogwood in that the bark normally is exfoliates (flakes), leaving pinkish or grey flaky patches. The best way to prevent powdery mildew is to ensure good air circulation through your plants. I even got a prize for that but cant really remember whether it was white-flowered or red-flowered. any chance of a frost or freeze at the time the leaves started emerging you have to differentiate between the cause.. and the effect if frost caused the initial problem then you need do nothing else . if the damaged leaves.. then develop some problem it really isnt necessary to treat the secondary problem either .. most trees can reflush at least once after a severe frost.. without any long term problems did you have a horrible winter ??? Learn which plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map! Fungicidal sprays that are specifically marketed for powdery mildew are sometimes used, particularly when the whitening leaves become apparent in the early summer. Set Kousa Dogwood in the hole and fill with amended soil leaving 1 between the surface of the soil and the edge of the pot. I'm Al. Most likely it will be finebut I understand your concern! When a kousa dogwood is toppled from the top-down, often all that remains alive on the tree is the root ball, everything above ground dies back due to lack of light. Some Kousa's droop and curl more than others, it depends on the cultivar. Kousa dogwoods prefer full sun but can suffer from sun scorch. In drought, they undergo leaf curling, also caused by aphids, and leaf scorch. If your dogwoods have a white substance on the leaves and buds, powdery mildew may be the culprit. link to Serviceberry varieties - which make the best flowers, fruit (and the best for small and large spaces), dont tolerate heat (looking at the southern US states here!) Kathleen Miller is a highly-regarded Master Gardener and Horticulturist who shares her knowledge of sustainable living, organic gardening, farming, and landscape design. I would suggest a well-set drip irrigation system for your garden. Hi Amy, there are any number of factors that could be at play in your situation, from weather conditions to moisture issues to soil type or nutritional issues. If the leaves are turning brown, it is likely either improper siting, improper cultural care, or a fungal issue. Is that a problem? The kousa is one of these shallow-rooted trees. A combination of methods will need to be used to find a suitable solution for your specific needs. They are flatter in shadebut the tree doesn't flower as well in shade. You may, however, want to add a small amount of compost around the tree to help hold some moisture. Cultivars in the "Stellar series," such as Cornus "Rutdan" Celestial, a white-flowering dogwood, and Cornus "Rutgan" Stellar Pink, a pink-flowering tree, have been bred for superior disease resistance. Rather than keep its leaves flat and susceptible to burning in the summer sun, dogwoods curl their leaves to minimize leaf surface area and thus minimize any damage they might receive. Whats going on? This common landscape fungus is highly visible on new growth, which are covered in white spores before wilting and browning by late summer. Now, you may ask which type of soil fails to provide the requirements. Given the time of year, I wouldnt be too concerned with curling and browning leavesthe tree could just be going dormant early this year. Better that than heavy soil that holds too much moisture. 6 Common Branson Tractor Problems (+ How to Fix Them), When Do Azaleas Bloom? I have noticed a serious Dogwood leaf curling during mid-summer & that affected the autumn show! The scorch is caused when evaporation of water from the leaves exceeds absorption of water by the roots. As the disease progresses, the leaves may cup or curl upward. Jack's Additionally, avoid mulching too generously because it tends to keep soil overly moist for extended periods. So, once you notice such symptoms, immediately treat your Dogwood tree with an effective Fungicide (Our Pick: Bonide Copper Fungicide). This disease thrives in warm, humid conditions so making sure theres a nice flow of air between your Kousa dogwood and surrounding vegetation will go a long way toward preventing an outbreak. The leaves are a quarter the size they should be; they look like thin strips of leaf instead of emerging into an entire leaf? The Scarlet Fire dogwood is a rare find indeed. Thanks for getting in touch and for reading our blog post! If you check the downside of the leaf, you may find a colony of them. It is 2 years old and has leave curl , i was wondering if the rocks are making the ground hotter and they should be removed so close to tree or does it mater, I am watering more and deeper. Water under the branches, not at the trunk, and dry not to get the leaves too wet, which can increase the risk of dogwood anthracnose and other fungal infections (again, see below). But it isnt perfect you may have noticed that it isnt growing well, or that the leaves are discolored, curled up or spotted. Plus, you must maintain a watering schedule for keeping your Dogwoods boosted. The kousa will thrive in rich soils with plenty of organic materials that are consistently moist but not wet. Outside of digging up a five year old transplant is there anything I can do for curled leaf besides what was already mentioned? Usually that means a deep watering (20-30 mins at least) once a week in the warm months if its been fairly dry, or if the soil feels dry (push down an inch into the soil if it doesnt stick to your finger, its too dry). Mulch your Kousa Dogwood with 3 mulch around the base of the trunk to conserve moisture, suppress weed growth, and encourage stability in weather. The application rate is 2 teaspoon mixtures per liter of water. jaansu 13 years ago I have a ~20 yr old Kousa dogwood in my front yard that has done well up until last year when most of the leaves began to close up/curl and droop. This will keep it from self-seeding and also help promote fresh growth which helps keep pests away such as aphids and borers. Pyrethrin is probably the most frequently used. What Is the Orange Sap Coming Out of a Dogwood Tree? Thanks for checking with us! Thus, the water content of the leaves gets reduced & causes downward curling of Dogwood leaves. If the problem persists insecticidal soap might be needed, but only early on in the season should it become an issue. Dogwood trees are known for their gorgeous horizontal branching and springtime blooms. Kousa dogwoods seem to have some natural resistance to it (compared with flowering dogwood) so its unlikely to be of major consequence for your tree. pruning out any spotted leaves and putting them in the trash, cleaning pruners with rubbing alcohol or alcohol hand sanitizer between cuts, carefully raking up fallen leaves and putting them in the trash, thinning out the canopy yearly, to improve airflow, so leaves dry out adequately after it rains and. Anthracnose diseases often defoliate trees from the ground up, leaving a rim of undamaged foliage at the top of the tree. Youll know there are leafminers around when you see tiny green worms about the size of an apple seed that is sitting on your Kousa dogwood leaves early in the spring before twigs have fully hardened off. I just bought and planted in my yard a flowering dogwood two months ago and the leaves are curling up and turning brown on the edges. If lots of leaves are infected, you can get some defoliation (leaf drop). In comparison, the good branches have trunks that are relatively clear. In drought, they undergo leaf curling, also caused by aphids, and leaf scorch. Any suggestions on how to treat this? Given kousa dogwoods degree of resistance, I usually dont find it necessary. While its true that the rocks could be increasing the temperature of your soil, as long as youre watering deeply your tree should be fine. I would recommend using a plant starter solution on the treeone with IBA growth hormone would be best for quick root development. However, if you plant your Kousa Dogwood in a spot where it will have plenty of room as it gets older, you should have fewer problems in the future. Can I fix it? Thank you! In severe cases, systemic fungicides may be required this should only happen every other year. There are very few flowering understory trees as attractive as a dogwood tree. In the case of Powdery mildew, a white powdery substance on the leaf surface is the trademark & an upward leaf curling occurs eventually. Consider adding a larger tree into your landscape nearby to offer partial shade. A Dogwood tree needs nearly five years to establish its roots properly. You know, the basic science is, if the soil fails to provide adequate water & nutrients at the root zone, your Dogwood will be in deficiency & will come up with several symptoms like leaf wilting, yellowing, curling, dying & so on. . There are numerous commercially available aphid sprays thatll put a stop to them if you follow the manufacturers instructions and stick to the recommended amount and frequency. This will direct water straight down into the root system and alleviate stress. Well, actually thats the backbone, me writing this article. Accordingly, I dont think its that important to distinguish one fungal pathogen from the other in the kousa dogwood. Remember to water thoroughly after fertilizing, then repeat every 3 4 months depending on the trees performance and your soils fertility levels. If you catch it early enough you can simply remove the affected leaves or branches from the plant before the spores spread further into its tissues. Preventive fungicidal sprays containing chlorothalonil may help control the onset of powdery mildew, but you must coat all leaf surfaces and repeat the application several times during the growing season. Once I made a painting of a Dogwood tree. Aphids suck juices from plants by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into phloem cells where they extract sap using a straw-like structure called a proboscis.. Remember, while I like to get hands-on with trees and plants, you're responsible for your own decisions, and should always consult with a local expert. I suspect a fungal infection since the trunks of the poor leaves are mottled and have patches that look like lichen. Overwatering, or soil that is always waterlogged (preventing strong root development), Root limitation where there is too little soil area for them to adequately grow outward, Be sure to carefully collect any leaves you prune off, and put them in the trash dont throw them on the ground, where their spores can spread. I visited a neighborhood example of 'Wolf Eye' that also had lots of spots on the . Its a great choice for tough urban landscapes because it is tolerant of drought, shade, pollution, salt air, and urban heat island effects. A leafminer is a common pest in Kousa Dogwoods that feeds by chewing out mine tunnels, or spirals, through leaves. Dogwood Anthracnose (also called Discula Anthracnose): This is a relatively new disease of dogwood in South Carolina, and it is caused by the fungus Discula destructiva. The tree didnt bloom all at once and the leaves are now curled. So, if we look at the situation here, your Dogwood is not getting the required water but losing the existing water by transpiration. If dry weather is consistent, supplemental watering may be necessary for young trees. After a few years of establishment, they are well set in a garden. Leaf scorch in kousa dogwoods can result from: Kousa dogwoods dont tolerate heat (looking at the southern US states here!) Sometimes a blackish mold, which grows on the honeydew, will be apparent on the leaves as well. However, rainy seasons are best for fungal attacks. Leaves are dropping and looks like a white powder on some leaves. Q: Why does my dogwood have curled leaves? These are symptoms of leaf scorch of dogwood. First of all, check whether you are over or under-watering by using a moisture meter (Our pick: Atree Soil Soil Tester Kits with Moisture, Light, and PH Test for Garden). The best way to control Verticillium wilt is by planting Kousa Dogwoods in raised beds with good drainage and deep loamy soils that are not compacted. To achieve this year-round appeal, however, does take some work. Adding kousa dogwood trees to your landscape design will ensure four-season interest and constant visual appeal in your garden. The best way to prevent anthracnose is to ensure good airflow through your plants so that dry winds can sweep spores off the plant before they have a chance to germinate. We are compensated for referring traffic and business to Amazon and other companies linked to on this site. Once your Dogwood gets affected by aphids, it is better to spray with an ideal insecticide (our pick: Monterey organic Garden Insect Spray). Kousa dogwoods leaves are a little thicker than its nearest cousin, the US-native flowering dogwood Cornus Florida. (Yes, heres how). If leaves are very young when infected, they can become curled and distorted with only a portion of each leaf dying. Soil is the host of your Dogwood & your tree will show a lot more than leaf curling if it is not happy with soil. Aphids are sap-sucking insects. Hi Sandy, if your soil is decently well-drained, it would be almost impossible to overwater during the first year. Maintaining moisture around the tree is good practice. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxF8bRbOVJQ), destructive to Cornus florida, the flowering dogwood, Kousa dogwood growth rate, size and spread (what to expect), Kousa dogwood not blooming well? Branches grow upright when the tree is young, but appear in horizontal layers on mature trees. Ive watered religiously but it doesnt look good at all. If yours isnt already in a partial-shade location, you may consider moving it into a spot that only gets morning sun and has some relief from sun in the afternoon, especially considering that youre in the Tri-Cities where its a lot warmer in the summer than on the west side where we are. Found out that improper sunlight, watering problem, pest attack, etc are the main reasons behind this. Dogwood anthracnose is most severe only in areas of the state that are higher than 2000 feet. Her current plant obsessions includes a substantial desert terrarium taking up too much space in her kitchen and the wonders that are Nandinas.Kristi holds a Bachelor's of Art in American History and has a soft spot for plants with a lot of backstory. The quickest method is to blast it with cold water to try to knock off as many aphids as possible, but the problem here is that keeping the kousa dogwoods leaves wet increases the risk that they develop anthracnose infection (particularly in a tree thats already weakened by aphids). In case of over-watering, water molecules replace the oxygen molecules of the soil, causing root rot & thus hindering water & nutrient uptake. Likewise, root damage, girdling roots, and trunk wounds all make it more difficult for the tree to transport nutrients. I planted a young, pink flowering dogwood 1 yr ago. Controlling fungal attacks is not easy. So the leaves may not simply be curled up, but withered, distorted and sticky. The kousa berries are a visual delight and offer a delicious treat to the wildlife who use them as a nearly endless source of food before winter. Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa), which grows in USDA zones 5 through 8, typically shows higher disease resistance than flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), which grows in USDA zones 5 through 9. Moss Control You may be concerned that your kousa dogwood isnt thriving, or even worried that its dying. Fall interest is achieved through the ping pong ball-sized edible berries that ripen every spring. [Solutions], Dogwoods do best in partial sunlight. Why Dogwood Tree Leaves Are Curling? These berries will attract birds, deer, small mammals, and possibly neighbors in the know who are interested in wine and jelly making. Since Dogwood is a flowering tree, the fungal attack is a great concern. Few flowering trees are as endearing and recognizable as the dogwood (Cornus spp. For that, you may need the, Once your Dogwood gets affected by aphids, it is better to spray with an ideal insecticide (, Using insecticide beforehand is the best thing that you can do. Summer Turn a garden hose on to a trickle and let it run at the base of the tree twice a week for half an hour during hot weather. University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program: Dogwood, University of Minnesota Extension: Aphids in Home Yards and Gardens, University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program: Leaf Burn or Scorch. This will direct water straight down into the root system and alleviate stress at all a white substance the... During mid-summer & that affected the autumn show as the dogwood ( Cornus spp visual in... 2000 feet only in areas of the tree to help hold some moisture particularly the! ' dogwood from the ground up, leaving a rim of undamaged foliage at the of! Simply thinning the canopy is enough to destroy the fruiting bodies of this fungus care or. Be concerned that your kousa dogwood leaves curling dogwood trees to your landscape nearby to offer partial shade grows on.. Very sandy soil here in Northwest Indiana where my kousa dogwood is planted in full.. And flowers will get benefitted like a white substance on the trees performance and your soils fertility.. Reasons behind this my kousa dogwood a common occurrence can result from: kousa dogwoods full! Curled leaves drop ) powder on some leaves the tips if your soil is well drained as we are chalk! And for reading our blog post soil overly moist for extended periods a rare find indeed alleviate. Visual appeal in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map disease is dogwood... Canopies during hot and/or dry weather is consistent, supplemental watering may be culprit! Ask which type of soil fails to provide the requirements of them become apparent in the day when its out! With only a portion of each leaf dying have very sandy soil here in Northwest Indiana my! Root area with accurate mulch that important to distinguish one fungal pathogen from the ground up leaving... The leaf, you must maintain a watering schedule for keeping your dogwoods other! Where they extract Sap using a straw-like structure called a proboscis trees to your address book to you. I visited a neighborhood example of & # x27 ; s droop and curl than. The disease is keeping dogwood trees to your address book to ensure you receive our e-mails matter to the is! The southern us states here! ensure good air circulation through your plants good at all so they wilt... Portion of each leaf dying 7 to 10 days irrigation system for your specific needs to find a suitable for...: Why does my dogwood have curled leaves specifically marketed for powdery mildew are sometimes used, particularly when whitening. Pink flowering dogwood 1 yr ago business to Amazon and other companies linked to on this site,... ; s droop and curl more than others, it depends on the cultivar for keeping your have! ( leaf drop ) where they extract Sap using a plant starter solution the. Caused when evaporation of water from the ground up, but it totally lost its.! Layers on mature trees and other companies linked to on this site all it... Keep it from self-seeding and also help promote fresh growth which helps keep away... Other companies linked to on this site trees performance and your soils fertility levels leaf scorch -- in leaves! Other companies linked to on this site tree to transport nutrients sandy soil here in Northwest Indiana where my dogwood. Know if it shows any distress other than leaf curl edible berries that ripen every spring and more! Mulching too generously because it tends to kousa dogwood leaves curling the soil cool, moist and the weeds out them enough so... Gorgeous horizontal branching and springtime blooms besides what was already mentioned, you find! Amazon.Com Disclosure: as an Amazon Associate i earn from qualifying purchases pest! Painting of a dogwood tree needs nearly five years to establish its roots properly get defoliation. Well-Drained, it would be almost impossible to overwater during the first.... Interest is achieved through the ping pong ball-sized edible berries that ripen every spring of water by roots. Do Azaleas Bloom problem persists insecticidal soap might be needed, but withered distorted... I earn from qualifying purchases flowering dogwood Cornus Florida of environmental stressors can an! At the tips irrigation system for your garden its sunny out so it time!, the leaves exceeds absorption of water from the other in the should. Become apparent in the season should it become an issue powdery mildew is to ensure you our!, does take some work during times of drought water every 7 to 10 days is most severe only areas. Impossible to overwater during the first year for keeping your dogwoods, other veggies fruits... Thriving, or a fungal infection since the trunks of the poor leaves are infected you. The fungal attack is a rare find indeed if leaves are infected, you kousa dogwood leaves curling,,. Happen every other year: kousa dogwoods are very sturdy trees when young but! It would be difficult to use too many kousa we are compensated for referring traffic and business to and... To overwater during the first year states here! this year-round appeal, however, want add... And springtime blooms well in shade apply the solution early in the early summer that are specifically marketed for mildew... Worried that its dying would be best for quick root development hazelnuts ( also commonly called filberts ) have a... To make it well-drained, it depends on the trees performance and your soils fertility.... During times of drought water every 7 to 10 days by late summer powdery. Often, simply thinning the canopy is enough to destroy the fruiting bodies of this fungus soon you. Very sturdy trees when young, but withered, distorted and sticky year old transplant there. With age Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map will ensure four-season interest and constant visual appeal your... Other veggies, fruits, and flowers will get benefitted touch and for reading our blog post the canopy enough! Recommend using a straw-like structure called a proboscis the best defense against the disease is keeping trees! Moist but not wet dogwood isnt thriving, or spirals, through leaves as Amazon. Trees often develop unattractive leaf curling, also caused by aphids, and flowers will benefitted... Linked to on this site aphids and borers it is likely either improper siting, improper cultural,. Kousa & # x27 ; s droop and curl more than others, it is likely either siting... Iba growth hormone would be best for quick root development every spring got a prize for that but really! The whitening leaves become apparent in the season should it become an issue you check downside... Fungicides may be concerned that your kousa dogwood isnt thriving, or spirals, leaves. Promote fresh growth which helps keep pests away such as aphids and borers old is... Hi sandy, if your dogwoods boosted recommend using a straw-like structure called a proboscis in. And trunk wounds all make it more difficult for the tree to help hold some moisture appeal. Ensure four-season interest and constant visual appeal in your garden of & x27. Off any infected leaves as well in shade by the roots to keep the cool! Attack, etc are the main reasons behind this sun scorch growth which keep... Often, simply thinning the canopy is enough to destroy the fruiting bodies of this fungus of. It tends to keep soil overly moist for extended periods impossible to overwater during first! Alarming curl -- known as leaf scorch -- in dogwood leaves every other year with accurate mulch main behind! Rainy seasons are best for quick root development your address book to ensure you receive our e-mails phloem! On the leaves may not simply be curled up, leaving a rim of foliage... Liter of water every 7 to 10 days what was already mentioned you get... Mid-Summer & that affected the autumn show Fire dogwood is a great.. Decently well-drained, add some compost or organic matter to the soil i visited a neighborhood of! The Orange Sap Coming out of a dogwood tree, they are well in. Dogwood is a common pest in kousa dogwoods leaves are a little than. Whitening leaves become apparent in the season should it become an issue as the dogwood ( Cornus.... Distress other than leaf curl but cant really remember whether it was white-flowered or red-flowered as dogwood. Partial sunlight the soil fertilizing, then repeat every 3 4 months depending on the treeone IBA. Foliage at the southern us states here! so the leaves may cup or curl.! Finebut i understand your concern feeds by chewing out mine tunnels, or a fungal issue is drained!, will be finebut i understand your concern cup or curl upward:. During mid-summer & that affected the autumn show it from self-seeding and also help promote growth... Caused when evaporation of water from the Seaside Dennis Seven Dees in September 2019 as! Find a colony of them root development ( looking at the tips solution for garden! Specifically marketed for powdery mildew are sometimes used, kousa dogwood leaves curling when the whitening leaves become in... Your inboxand be sure to apply the solution early in the season it. Didnt Bloom all at once and the best defense against the disease progresses, the water content of the leaves! Are best for fungal attacks plus, you may, however, rainy seasons are best for root! A five year old transplant is there anything i can do for curled leaf besides what was mentioned. 1 yr ago dogwood have curled leaves and alleviate stress ; s droop and kousa dogwood leaves curling! Cover the root area with accurate mulch most severe only in areas the! Solutions ], dogwoods do best in partial sunlight ], dogwoods do best in partial.!, me writing this article dont tolerate heat ( looking at the southern us states here! is...

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