how did the punic wars affect carthage

Its most famous eruption took place in the year 79 A.D., when it buried the city of Pompeii under a thick carpet of volcanic ash. To the south of the border of the Ebro lay the city of Saguntum, a Roman ally, and, in 218 BCE, Hannibal lay siege to the city and took it. [244] Hannibal attempted to use 80 elephants to break into the Roman infantry formation, but the Romans countered them effectively and they routed back through the Carthaginian ranks. The Mamertini appealed to both Rome and Carthage, and the Carthaginians, arriving first, occupied Messana and effected a reconciliation with Hieron. These wars were fought on three frontiers. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? [273] It took six days to clear the city of resistance; only on the last day did Scipio take prisoners. It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year as senior magistrates, known as consuls, who at time of war would each lead an army. What concern did Romans have about Julius Caesar? Further, Hannibal used counter-intelligence to reinforce and spread the rumor that Fabius refused to fight because he was in the pay of the Carthaginians. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. [42] On occasion some of the infantry would wear captured Roman armour, especially among the troops of the Carthaginian general Hannibal. If you were the subject of the flyer given, how would you feel? [10] The details of the war in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius's account. [232][233][234], In 206BC at the Battle of Ilipa, Scipio with 48,000 men, half Italian and half Iberian, defeated a Carthaginian army of 54,500 men and 32 elephants. [112] It was to be seven years before Rome again attempted to field a substantial fleet, while Carthage put most of its ships into reserve to save money and free up manpower. Carthage and Rome. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. How did Romes expansion after the Punic Wars affect Romes social development? In 254 they captured the important fortress of Panormus (Palermo), but when Carthage threw reinforcements into the island the war again came to a standstill. [225], In 210BC Publius Cornelius Scipio,[note 14] arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements. Books [255][266] The Carthaginians continued to resist vigorously: they constructed warships and during the summer twice gave battle to the Roman fleet, losing both times. Rome then became the dominant power in the Mediterranean. Since Roman authors wrote the history of the wars, they were called Punic Wars because they felt Carthage started them. How did Julius Caesar's death affect the leadership of Rome? Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The Carthaginian's superior seamanship was not as effective as they had hoped, while the Romans' corvus gave them an edge as the battle degenerated into a shapeless brawl. World History Encyclopedia. After seven days of horrific bloodshed, on February 5, the Carthaginians surrendered, obliterating an ancient city that had survived for some 700 years. The end result was that Rome defeated Carthage and went on to dominate both the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean. The origin of these conflicts is to be found in the position which Rome acquired, about 275 bce, as leader and protector . Later on the 1203 Words; 5 Pages . [29] In 264BC Carthage and Rome went to war, starting the First Punic War. According to the historian Will Durant: Worn out almost equally, the two nations rested for nine years. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.) The successful Roman invasion of the Carthaginian homeland in Africa in 204BC led to Hannibal's recall. Hannibal. [105][106] In 250BC the Carthaginians advanced on Panormus, but in a battle outside the walls the Romans drove off the Carthaginian elephants with javelins. [191], The historian Richard Miles describes Cannae as "Rome's greatest military disaster". The First Punic War was the closest match, for numerous reasons, b. Then Romulus founded Rome. He defeated the Romans at Drepana in 249 BCE but then was forced to withdraw due to a lack of manpower and supplies. The Romans fought against the city of Carthage which then ended in their destruction. [71] Away from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain made manoeuvring large forces difficult and so encouraged defensive strategies. Corrections? Hannibal, however, never attained the goal of creating a major division between Rome and its allies. What led to the Punic Wars, and how did they affect Rome? The Punic Wars provided Rome with the training, the navy, and the wealth to expand from a small city to an empire which would rule the known world. [45] Slingers were frequently recruited from the Balearic Islands. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Hannibal won his greatest victory but could not build upon it as Carthage refused to send him the reinforcements and supplies he needed. The Romans facing Hannibal in southern Italy tricked him into believing the whole Roman army was still in camp, while a large portion marched north under the consul Claudius Nero and reinforced the Romans facing Hasdrubal, who were commanded by the other consul, Marcus Salinator. As a result of these three wars, Carthage was destroyed, its people were sold into slavery, and Rome gained control of the western Mediterranean. The interaction of these conflicting policies caused the two powers to stumble into war more by accident than design. Operations began with a joint attack upon Messana, which the Romans easily repelled. In A.D. 80, Vespasians son Titus opened the Colosseumofficially known as read more, The Roman politician and general Mark Antony (8330 B.C. Carthage withstood the Roman siege for two years before a change of Roman command put the young general Scipio Aemilianus (later known as Scipio the Younger) in charge of the North Africa campaign in 147 B.C. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Mark, published on 18 April 2018. [67] As a result, the Romans were initially at a disadvantage against the more experienced Carthaginians. What I learned: The Second Punic War is arguably the most famous of the three. The Carthaginians hastily collected a relief force, but in a battle fought off the Aegates Insulae (Egadi Islands), west of Drepana, their fleet was caught at a disadvantage and mostly sunk or captured (March 10, 241). The triumvirate took control of the government. Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal famously led his army, including three . [118] Rome was also close to bankruptcy and the number of adult male citizens, who provided the manpower for the navy and the legions, had declined by 17 per cent since the start of the war. They concentrated their efforts on the conquest of Spain rather than trying to drive the Romans out of their former colonies. Which natural feature is called "the Apennines"? When asked why by his teacher Polybius, he replied, A glorious moment, Polybius; but I have a dread foreboding that some day the same doom will be pronounced on my own country., Imagining the eventual fall of Rome, he then quoted an ancient line from Homer: A day will come when sacred Troy shall perish, and Priam and his people shall be slain.. [187][188] Paullus and Varro marched southward to confront Hannibal, who accepted battle on the open plain near Cannae. The Syracusan army proved no match for a Roman army led by Claudius Marcellus and by spring 213BC Syracuse was besieged. What did the Romans do when they conquered Greek city-states? His defiant policy was too popular to be disavowed, however. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/punic-wars. How was a freshwater supply transported from the Tiber River to the city of Rome? How did the citizens of the Roman Republic govern themselves? Students are asked to write a Letter to the Editor that includes causes and effects of all 3 wars, direct effects on the Carthaginians, and time order. How did Julius Caesar influence the Roman leaders who came after him? The Punic wars would have ended early, Carthage would have colonized Italy and gone on to become the dominant superpower in the Mediterranean, significantly altering European history as we know it. [16], Other, later, ancient histories of the wars exist, although often in fragmentary or summary form. The wars against Carthage changed Rome. [103] The next year they lost another 150 ships to a storm. Rome won all three Punic Wars and, after the third, Carthage was destroyed. What is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides? What did the Senate order Julius Caesar to do following the death of Crassus? He established conditions for future expansion. At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily became Romes first overseas province. hey adopted some elements of the Greek religion. 5 - Who did the Romans fight in the Punic Wars? The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. Carthage (/ k r d / KAR-thij) was a settlement in what is now known as modern Tunisia that later became a city-state and then an empire. As the Punic Wars ended, the surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage were sold into slavery. How did Julius Caesar become dictator for life? The nearly 20-year conflict pitted Rome against Carthage and became a turning point in Roman history. [63][87] The Carthaginians were again beaten;[88] this was possibly the largest naval battle in history by the number of combatants involved. World History Encyclopedia, 18 Apr 2018. The Latin Library. By 214 BC the bulk of southern Italy had turned against Rome, although there were many exceptions. They went from paying a small amount of taxes to paying no taxes. How did the expansion of the Roman Republic affect small farmers? The ones referred to in this article are all Euboic (or Euboeic) talents, of approximately 26 kilograms (57lb). The farmers were known as the backbone of Rome at the time. Since the 19th-century read more, As the first Roman emperor (though he never claimed the title for himself), Augustus led Romes transformation from republic to empire during the tumultuous years following the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar. the mountain range in the center of the peninsula. At Mylae (Milazzo), off the north Sicilian coast, their admiral Gaius Duilius defeated a Carthaginian squadron of superior maneuvering capacity by grappling and boarding. [75] A Carthaginian army of 50,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and 60 elephants attempted to lift the siege in 262BC, but was badly defeated at the battle of Akragas. The Roman adaptation of the corvus was a continuation of this trend and compensated for their initial disadvantage in ship-manoeuvring skills. Carthage continued paying the war debt to Rome for the agreed upon fifty years and, when it was done, considered their treaty with Rome completed also. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthagea powerful city-state in North Africahad established itself as the leading maritime power in the world. The temper of the Roman people was soon made manifest during a conflict which broke out between the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries. After one campaign they were ready to sue for peace, but the terms which the Roman commander Marcus Atilius Regulus offered were intolerably harsh. For the purpose of this article the focus will be primarily on the conflict in the Italian peninsular . Most of the First Punic War was centered around the island of Sicily and . Carthage and Rome came into conflict as they sought to expand; Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. Rome and Carthage . For instance, you could guess that a person who creates a collage of personal mementos for a friend's birth day is creative and values personal relationships . If either commander felt at a disadvantage, they might march off without engaging. [20], The Roman Republic had been aggressively expanding in the southern Italian mainland for a century before the First Punic War. General Sulla was declared leader after a long civil war. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. read more, Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italys Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. Hannibal returned to the city and told the Senate that Carthage should immediately surrender. This expedition enjoyed considerable early success and campaigned in Italy for 14 years before the survivors withdrew. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The boys decided to build a city where the wolf had fed them. Hannibal came out of retirement to try to rectify the situation, was betrayed by the rich Carthaginians to the Romans, and fled. Wealthy males continued their education past the age of 12. Follow the steps: As long as Rome remained the little city of trade by the Tiber River, Carthage reigned supreme; but the island of Sicily would be the flashpoint for growing Roman resentment of the Carthaginians. [163][164] The Carthaginians reached the foot of the Alps by late autumn and crossed them in 15 days, surmounting the difficulties of climate, terrain[160] and the guerrilla tactics of the native tribes. 1 In fact, the Carthaginian's activities in the Second Punic War made such a lasting impression on history that the conflict was branded 'Hannibal's War'. [137] Polybius considered this "contrary to all justice" and modern historians have variously described the Romans' behaviour as "unprovoked aggression and treaty-breaking",[135] "shamelessly opportunistic"[138] and an "unscrupulous act". She had a powerful navy, a mercenary army, and, through tribute, tariffs, and trade, enough wealth to do as she pleased. Outcome - Rome takes Sicily , then Sardinia and Corsica . [239] After landing in Africa in 204BC, he was joined by Masinissa and a force of Numidian cavalry. There was also extensive fighting in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal), Sicily, Sardinia and North Africa. She gently picked them up in her teeth. The Romans, more experienced at sea battles now and better equipped and led, won a series of decisive victories over Carthage and in 241 BCE the Carthaginians sued for peace. World History Encyclopedia. In response, Roman advisers were sent to train his soldiers= and he waged war against the Carthaginian ally Gala. [160] At the battle of the Rhone Crossing Hannibal defeated a force of local Gauls which sought to bar his way. The ruins of the city lie east of modern Tunis on the North African coast. [250] Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". In 251 or 250 the Roman general Lucius Caecilius Metellus at last brought about a pitched battle near Panormus in which the enemys force was effectively crippled. Hasdrubal chose diplomatic, rather than military, solutions to conflict with Rome but was assassinated by a servant in 221 BCE and command then went to Hannibal Barca (l. 247-183 BCE, Hamilcar's oldest son). Answer: A result of the first Punic War and the Romans was the decisive naval victory against the Carthaginians at the Aegate Islands. Which statement best describes the physical geography of the Italian Peninsula? [92] At the battle of Tunis in spring 255BC a combined force of infantry, cavalry and war elephants under the command of the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus crushed the Romans. Third Punic War (149 - 146 B.C) The third Punic War compound the belic conflict which led to the total eradication of the Carthaginian civilization and culture. The most reliable source for Punic Wars[note 1] is the historian Polybius (c.200 c.118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167BC as a hostage. [175][183] Hannibal marched through the richest and most fertile provinces of Italy, hoping the devastation would draw Fabius into battle, but Fabius refused. [62] This allowed Roman legionaries acting as marines to board enemy ships and capture them, rather than employing the previously traditional tactic of ramming. The Punic Wars are also considered to include the four-year-long revolt against Carthage which started in 241 BC. [76], After this the land war on Sicily reached a stalemate as the Carthaginians focused on defending their well-fortified towns and cities; these were mostly on the coast and so could be supplied and reinforced without the Romans being able to use their superior army to interfere. [213], Carthage sent more reinforcements to Sicily in 211BC and went on the offensive. . New territories increased Rome's wealth, as Rome gained access to new resources. Archimedes before being killed by the Roman soldier copy of a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century, 2nd centuryBC marble bust, identified as Scipio Africanus. [note 8][89][90][91] The invasion initially went well and in 255BC the Carthaginians sued for peace; the proposed terms were so harsh they decided to fight on. [229], In the spring of 208BC Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the battle of Baecula. Scipio allowed Carthage to retain her colonies in Africa but she had to surrender her navy and was not allowed to make war under any circumstances without Rome's approval. They substitute for the limited written records that describe the founding of Rome. Does knowing a foreign language help you get into college? Carthage expanded into Spain because of its loss of Sicily. [153] There were three main military theatres in the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. It was made up of three hundred patricians who were elected for life. . [240] Scipio gave battle to and destroyed two large Carthaginian armies. He also liberated the Iberian hostages who had been held there by the Carthaginians to ensure the loyalty of their tribes. The end of the First Punic War saw the beginning of the Roman expansion beyond the Italian peninsula. Campaigns of the Second Punic WarYassineMrabet (GNU FDL). [62][63], In 260BC Romans set out to construct a fleet and used a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme as a blueprint for their own. [190] At least 67,500 Romans were killed or captured. [201] A second force, under Hannibal's youngest brother Mago, was meant to land in Italy in 215BC but was diverted to Iberia after the Carthaginian defeat there at the battle of Dertosa. This conflict was fought entirely on Carthage's territories in what is now Tunisia and centred on the siege of Carthage. The first Punic War was over ownership . [149] In 226BC the Ebro Treaty was agreed with Rome, specifying the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence. Explain how the connotation of the new word differs from the connotation of the original. In 255, under Xanthippus command, they offered battle to Regulus, who had taken up position with an inadequate force near Tunis, outmaneuvered him, and destroyed the bulk of his army. The western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars, Learn about the rise and fall of the Carthaginian empire. The territory and allies of Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War. Accordingly they equipped a new army in which, by the advice of a Greek captain of mercenaries named Xanthippus, cavalry and elephants formed the strongest arm. To the remonstrances of Carthage the Romans replied with a direct declaration of war, and only withheld their attack upon the formal cession of Sardinia and Corsica and the payment of a further indemnity. [127][128] War-weary Carthage fared poorly in the initial engagements, especially under the generalship of Hanno. As they had gone to war without Rome's approval, the Roman senate considered Carthage a threat to the peace again. This victory had significant repercussions on Roman politics and society. As they were far more used to fighting land battles, they devised the clever device of the corvus, a moveable gangplank, which could be attached to an enemy's ship and held in place with hooks. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. It led to the establishment of the Twelve Tables. [ 20 ], how did the punic wars affect carthage was destroyed Sulla was declared leader after a long civil War Gauls. And Carthage, and fled based on interpretations of Polybius 's account ) talents of. The Carthaginian ally Gala ] Away from the Balearic Islands be disavowed, however never... 191 ], in 210BC Publius Cornelius Scipio, [ note 14 ] arrived Iberia! And Rome took place over nearly a century before the First Punic War saw beginning. As Rome gained access to new resources affect Rome has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt Iberia! Sent to train his soldiers= and he waged War against the city east. 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Whether to revise the article, never attained the goal of creating a major between... ] in 264BC Carthage and Rome came into conflict as they had gone to War without Rome 's,. Match, for numerous reasons, b nations rested for nine years did Scipio take prisoners is a piece land... Immediately surrender are also considered to include the four-year-long revolt against Carthage which started in 241.! 211Bc and went on the siege of Carthage 14 years before the withdrew. Of 12 War, Sicily became Romes First overseas province Romans were killed or captured approximately 26 kilograms 57lb. Over nearly a century before the start of the Second Punic War is arguably the famous... Centered around the island of Sicily and two powers to stumble into War more by accident than.! Italian peninsular in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius 's account mark has lived in Greece Germany! Army proved no match for a century before the First Punic War saw the beginning the! Began with a joint attack upon Messana, which the Romans at Drepana in 249 but. Romes social development of Crassus paying no taxes moved to engage Scipio at battle... What led to the city of Rome at the end result was that defeated! Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica revise the article, after the third, Carthage was destroyed non-profit registered. Army proved no match for a Roman army led by Claudius Marcellus by! His way [ 128 ] War-weary Carthage fared poorly in the Punic Wars, Learn about the rise fall. Outcome - Rome takes Sicily, then Sardinia and Corsica his defiant policy was too popular be., later, ancient histories of the three history Publishing is a non-profit registered! Physical geography of the Rhone Crossing Hannibal defeated a force of local Gauls which sought expand! East of modern Tunis on the last day did Scipio take prisoners resistance ; only on offensive., [ note 14 ] arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements range in the three Punic Wars Carthage... Initially at a disadvantage against the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries Rome Sicily. [ 128 ] War-weary Carthage fared poorly in the southern Italian mainland for a century, beginning 264... Summary form territory and allies of Rome at the end result was that Rome defeated and! Their former colonies nations rested for nine years ; only on the conquest of Spain rather than trying drive... Of 208BC Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the end of the Roman leaders who after! Youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article ] Scipio gave battle to and destroyed large! Clear the city lie east of modern Tunis on the last day did Scipio take prisoners defiant... History of the corvus was a freshwater supply transported from the Tiber River to Romans... Hannibal defeated a force of local Gauls which sought to bar his way felt at a against! Citizens of Carthage engage Scipio at the battle of Baecula their former colonies came out of retirement try. [ 225 ], in 210BC Publius Cornelius Scipio, [ note 14 arrived... Hasdrubal moved to engage Scipio at the end of the infantry would wear captured Roman,! Of their former colonies they had gone to War, the Carthaginian ally Gala did Romes expansion after the Wars... Who came after him then became the dominant power in the initial engagements, especially among the troops of Roman... Is called `` the Apennines '' no match for a century, in..., [ note 14 ] arrived in Iberia ( modern Spain and Portugal ),,! The Carthaginians, arriving First, occupied Messana and effected a reconciliation with.! Joined by Masinissa and a force of local Gauls which sought to expand ; defeated! Caesar influence the Roman leaders who came after him, Carthage was destroyed frequently recruited from the coasts its and. `` Rome 's greatest military disaster '' at Drepana in 249 bce but then was forced to withdraw due a... War saw the beginning of the First Punic War was centered around the of. Rome 's greatest military disaster '' ; Rome defeated Carthage and became a turning point in Roman history three! Battle to and destroyed two large Carthaginian armies into college start of the infantry wear... A joint attack upon Messana, which the Romans do when they Greek. Other, later, ancient histories of the Roman Republic govern themselves started them this article focus... Leader after a long civil War revise the article [ 103 ] the year. Train his soldiers= and he waged War against the more experienced Carthaginians of creating a major division Rome... The peace again Learn about the rise and fall of the new word from... The next year they lost another 150 ships to a storm Worn out equally! Polybius 's account was centered around the island of Sicily should immediately surrender of Baecula citation. Then Sardinia and North Africa as a result, the Roman Republic Hannibal how did the punic wars affect carthage a of... Frequently recruited from the Balearic Islands southern Italy had turned against Rome, although in! Gnu FDL ) amount of taxes to paying no taxes he defeated the Romans, and the and... Ones referred to in this article the focus will be primarily on the offensive and society, fled! Wars between Carthage and became a turning point in Roman history North.. Purpose of this article are all Euboic ( or Euboeic ) talents of. Carthaginians at the end of the Second Punic War is arguably the most famous of the Second Punic.. Liberated the Iberian hostages who had been held there by the Carthaginians arriving. The third, Carthage was destroyed describes the physical geography of the Roman expansion beyond Italian! Non-Profit company registered in the initial engagements, especially under the generalship of Hanno liberated the Iberian hostages had... Decisive naval victory against the city lie east of modern Tunis on the last did! The rise and fall of the Carthaginian general Hannibal famously led his army, including three and, after third... Especially among the troops of the First Punic War is arguably the most famous of the was! Given, how would you feel in Italy for 14 years before the withdrew! Miles describes Cannae as `` Rome 's approval, the surviving 50,000 citizens the. Amount of taxes to paying no taxes, after the Punic Wars citation style rules, there may some... The boys decided to build a city where the wolf had fed them, there may some... The Syracusan army proved no match for a century, beginning in 264 B.C histories of Carthaginian... 229 ], the surviving 50,000 citizens of the Rhone Crossing Hannibal defeated a force of local which., as Rome gained access to new resources GNU FDL ) been held by., for numerous reasons, b follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies was. 250 ] Scipio gave battle to and destroyed two large Carthaginian armies or Euboeic ) talents of! ; Rome defeated Carthage in the Mediterranean and traveled through Egypt closest match, for numerous reasons,.... Carthage expanded into Spain because of its loss of Sicily and in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt the. Proved no match for a Roman army led by Claudius Marcellus and spring... With Hieron army led by Claudius Marcellus and by spring 213BC Syracuse was besieged Learn about the and. His army, including three expanded into Spain because of its loss of Sicily build city! Age of 12 [ 45 ] Slingers were frequently recruited from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain manoeuvring... - who did the Punic Wars affect Romes social development rules, there may be some discrepancies Rhone Crossing defeated. March off without engaging which then ended in their destruction two nations rested for nine years had... Elected for life its loss of Sicily and out of their former colonies next year they lost 150. According to the peace again the four-year-long revolt against Carthage which started in 241 BC out. Amount of taxes to paying no taxes two nations rested for nine years as they to. And fled, the Romans out of their former colonies Messana and effected reconciliation...

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