At this moment his horse died under him. Prince Arthur died on Saturday, 2nd April, 1502. For the king it was all or nothing. Along with Richard Simon, a priest from Oxford, the Yorkists presented Lambert Simnel as this legitimate claimant, free and backed by an army. While in Wales, Henry also persuaded many skillful longbowmen to join him in his fight against Richard. Lord Stanley's reply was short: "Sire, I have other sons." Henry could not complain as Arthur, now aged fifteen, was very small and undeveloped and was "half a head shorter" than Catherine. (18), In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. In October 1499 Arthur wrote to her thanking her for the "sweet letters" she had sent him: "I cannot tell you what an earnest desire I feel to see your Highness, and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming. (Answer Commentary), Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking (Answer Commentary), Codes and Codebreaking (Answer Commentary), Sir Thomas More: Saint or Sinner? Lincoln claimed that he had taken part in young Warwick's supposed escape. When he defeated and captured a second and far more dangerous pretender, Perkin Warbeck, he spared his life, and it was only after Warbeck had twice tried to escape that he was executed. Henry had an unusual approach to what was potentially a serious problem. (21)Henry was well-prepared, having positioned himself strategically to raise support, and advanced purposefully northwards from Leicester. That night, when Arthur lifted Catherine's veil he discovered a girl with "a fair complexion, rich reddish-gold hair that fell below hip-level, and blue-eyes". He was a competent soldier, but always chose peace instead of war as being so much cheaper and so much safer. 1477-1534). They retreated to Taunton but with news that Henry's army was marching into Cornwall, on 21st September, Warbeck escaped and sought sanctuary at Beaulieu Abbey. (54) Christopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has suggested that Dudley was the king's most "unpopular and unscrupulous minister". (Answer Commentary). The sea-crossing was terrible: a violent storm blew up in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship was tossed about for several days in rough seas and the captain was forced to return to Spain. On 10th December 1485, the House of Commons, through their speaker Thomas Lovell, urged the king to act on his promise to marry "that illustrious lady Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV" and so render possible "the propagation of offspring from the stock of kings". John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath in Oklahoma Primary Source "Guymon Prepares to Shame . 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? Arthur was just fifteen, and Catherine nearly sixteen. According to James A. Williamson, Simnel was merely a figurehead for a rebellion that was already being planned by the Yorkists: He was merely a commonplace tool to be used for important ends, and the attempt to overthrow Henry VII would have taken place had Simnel never existed. It relates the circumstances under which the great exodus to the New World began, the trials and tribulations faced by these tough American pioneers and the enduring influence they came to exert on the politics, education and religion of the country. Henry VII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The rebellion was crushed in 1487. The king therefore remains for us aloof and enigmatic. (7). (45) Almost thirty years later Catherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained "as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb". (14), Francis Bacon has suggested that Henry's "aversion toward the house of York was so predominant in him as it found place not only in his wars and councils, but in his chamber and bed". The logic behind this was to get the former rebels onto his side. However, this ended in failure when he was given sanctuary by a group of Breton noblemen in Brittany. At this moment his horse died under him. (Answer Commentary), Catherine Parr and Women's Rights (Answer Commentary), Women, Politics and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (Answer Commentary), Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Thomas Mntzer (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and Hitler's Anti-Semitism (Answer Commentary), Martin Luther and the Reformation (Answer Commentary), Mary Tudor and Heretics (Answer Commentary), Joan Bocher - Anabaptist (Answer Commentary), Anne Askew Burnt at the Stake (Answer Commentary), Elizabeth Barton and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Execution of Margaret Cheyney (Answer Commentary), Dissolution of the Monasteries (Answer Commentary), Poverty in Tudor England (Answer Commentary), Why did Queen Elizabeth not get married? ", Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? When the Stanley brothers arrived they did not join either of the two armies. It is claimed this raised 14,699. Of noble appearance and demeanour, he acted his part to perfection. While there was even the slightest doubt that these two boys were dead those who supported the Yorkists always had a chance of rallying around someone to challenge Henry VII. "In an age when marriages were frequently contracted for reasons of state between children or those hovering between childhood and adolescence, more care rather than less was taken over the timing of consummation. Symonds was kept in prison, but Henry VII displayed only sardonic contempt for Simnel, whom he recognized to have been a harmless dupe. Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? The royal army of 12,000 set up camp 10 miles (16km) away. Whether out of fond memory of the Irish administration of Richard, duke of York, resentment at Henry's restoration of the Butler earls of Ormond, or sheer opportunism, most of the Irish political community had recognized Simnel as king. Henry VIII: Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn? Anxious reports might pass between ambassadors on physical development; royal parents might take advice on their offsprings' readiness for the ordeal. He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. Perkin Warbeck's imposture as Edward IV's younger son, Richard of York, during the 1490s was more easily contained, despite Scottish and European intervention. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. [12], The 2017 children's book The Player King, by Avi, offers a fictionalized first-person account of the key period of Simnel's life. Available at:https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/the-lambert-simnel-rebellion/, Perkin Warbeck. His wife became a handmaid to Henrys queen. (35). (3). Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. But the existence of a rebellion under Simnel, as well as the much more dangerous Perkin Warbeck, shows how vulnerable Henrys first years on his throne were. "Lovell, Francis". (6) Negotiations took place and in December 1483, Henry took an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Elizabeth of York were he to be successful in making himself king of England. (13), Henry married Elizabeth of York and on 19th September 1486 she gave birth to a son, Prince Arthur. Apps and interactive web activities help young people learn about civic engagement through Library of Congress primary sources. Bipin Dimri is a writer from India with an educational background in Management Studies. He had gaunt, aquiline features, with thinning, greying hair and grey eyes. 335. The Lord Lieutenant there, the Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel as King Edward VI. Ferdinand's motivation was that Spanish merchants wishing to reach the Netherlands, needed the protection of English ports if France was barred to them. He told him of his startling looks, including his strong athletic limbs "of a gigantic size" was already beginning to arouse the admiration of the Royal Court. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006. You can follow John Simkin on Twitter, Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter. (33)Puebla reported that Arthur had "many excellent qualities". Who knows what could have happened if the pretenders to the crown had succeeded. However, he was captured and was brought before Henry at Taunton Castle on 5th October. Many Irish lords and their followers fell at Stoke. Henry arrived the next day and took up a position facing Richard. It considers the political instability and the miasma of intrigue associated with the reign of Richard III and the first years of Henry VII. He was born around 1477, making him around 10 years old at the time of the rebellion. According to his diehard Yorkist promoters, however, the boy was actually Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of Edward IV's brother the Duke of Clarence and thus the rightful heir to the throne of England, usurped by Henry VII after the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Henry Tudor was soon separated from his mother as Edward IV decided that he wanted him live with Lord William Herbert, his leading supporter in Wales. (30). Henry VIII: Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn? On Whit-Sunday, the 24th May, Simnel was solemnly anointed and crowned King of England, under the name of Edward VI., in Christ Church, Dublin, in presence of the chief dignitaries of the Pale, who renounced their allegiance to Henry VII., and swore fealty to him. In the 1972 BBC serial The Shadow of the Tower, Simnel was portrayed by Gary Warren. On 13th January 1496 James arranged for him to marry him to Lady Katherine Gordon, a distant royal relative. This was a good deal for Henry. SIMNEL, LAMBERT (fl. (11) Polydore Vergil later reported that "King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies." In the 2017 Starz miniseries The White Princess, Simnel is portrayed by Max True. Swearing to marry Edward IV's eldest daughter, Elizabeth, Henry set sail for England in the summer of 1485. It seeks to probe the mysteries surrounding Lambert Simnel . Contemporary sources claim that "she was also on the plump side - but then a pleasant roundness in youth was considered to be desirable at this period, a pointer to future fertility". Managed by Caboodle UX design studio in London, Citation: C N Trueman "The Lambert Simnel Rebellion". [1], Simnel was born around 1477. He could not afford to be generous without seeming to be weak. Without the sheer blood lust of his contemporaries, he had a sardonic wit." When the situation began to deteriorate, Richard called up his reserve forces led by Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. A Study in Catholic Propaganda. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." A Study in Catholic Propaganda (Answer Commentary), Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? His other progeny included the classic winners Court Martial, Festoon, and Palestine. He had stayed in Europe under the protection of Yorkist loyalists from 1483 to 1490 but now intended to return to England. The parliament which met on 7th November asserted the legitimacy of Henry's title and annulled the instrument embodying Richard III's title to the throne. (36)Catherine of Aragon by Juan de Flandes (1496)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-leader-2','ezslot_16',700,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-leader-2-0'); In August 1497, Catherine and Arthur were formally betrothed at the ancient palace of Woodstock. (37)Catherine and Prince Arthur wrote several letters to each other. She quotes from several different sources that indicate that they had a happy marriage. Warbeck fell into Henry's hands in October 1497; before long he had abused the king's leniency and so was hanged (23 November 1499). For example, many people refer to these sources to gain information, knowledge and a general idea about the time. He was also described as having an "unhealthy" skin colour. It established a common policy towards France, reduced tariffs between the two countries and agreed a marriage contract between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon and also established a dowry for Catherine of 200,000 crowns. The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." (17)Lambert SimnelHenry VII was always worried about being overthrown by rivals for the thrown. Simnel and Simond were captured by Robert Bellingham, a squire of Henry's house. , (c. 14751535) impostor and claimant to the English throne. They then moved to Ludlow Castle. When Henry VII heard what was happening he began to plan an invasion of Scotland. The following year he became entangled in another plot. (23) Jasper Ridley claims that this shows that "Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. Nearly every summer they were hit by epidemics of the Plague or Sweating Sickness which killed many of the population and improved the standard of living of the survivors, as the shortage of tenants and agricultural labourers kept rents low and wages high. England and Germany to the belly, the one in liquor, the other in meat; France a little beneath the belly; Italy to vanity and pleasures devised; and let an English belly have a further advancement, and nothing can stay it." On 10th December 1485, the House of Commons, through their speaker Thomas Lovell, urged the king to act on his promise to marry "that illustrious lady Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward IV" and so render possible "the propagation of offspring from the stock of kings". Call Number: E173 .A747 2008. The king then sent a message to Lord Stanley threatening to execute his son unless he immediately sent his troops to join the king on Ambien Hill. However, Northumberland, convinced that Richard was going to lose, ignored the order. (16) Bishop Stephen Gardiner commented: "Every country hath his peculiar inclination to naughtiness. Richard therefore gave orders for Lord Stanley's son to be brought to the top of the hill. Warbeck returned to Ireland and attempted to besiege Waterford, an Irish city loyal to Henry. He quickly recruited 8,000 Cornishmen but they were unsuccessful in taking Exeter. He was about ten years old in 1487, and was described as a handsome youth of intelligence and good manners. Without the sheer blood lust of his contemporaries, he had a sardonic wit." (39)Catherine of Aragon arrived in England on 2nd October 1501. Bacon commented: "The less blood he drew, the more he took of treasure." These are admirable and invaluable qualities for a political leader in troubled times. He was also described as having an "unhealthy" skin colour. Nearly every summer they were hit by epidemics of the Plague or Sweating Sickness which killed many of the population and improved the standard of living of the survivors, as the shortage of tenants and agricultural labourers kept rents low and wages high. Francis II, Duke of Brittany, offered them asylum but under Edward's diplomatic pressure, this turned into house arrest in a succession of castles and palaces. (3), It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. Fifty thousand people lived in the capital city, London. (8)Battle of BosworthWhen Richard heard about the arrival of Henry Tudor he marched his army to meet his rival for the throne. Catherine was kept apart from Prince Henry, complaining in 1507 that she had not seen him for four months, although they were both living in the same palace. Was this successful? The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." It was not until 27th September, that the winds died down and Catherine was able to leave Laredo on the Castilian coast. However, this ended in failure when he was given sanctuary by a group of Breton noblemen in Brittany. The conventional picture of of the cold, calculating, thin-lipped, skinflint king will not quite so. (40) As a high-born Castilian bride, Catherine remained veiled to both her husband and her father-in-law until after the marriage ceremony. Henry dealt with this threat decisively. (34), The Treaty of Medina del Campo was signed on 27th March 1489. He proclaimed himself Richard III and imprisoned the Princes in the Tower, where, almost certainly, he had them murdered. Simnel, one of the many pretenders to the throne of Henry VII, was put forward as Edward, earl of Warwick, nephew of Richard III, escaped from the Tower. Warbeck was taken to London where he was repeatedly paraded through the city. On 3rd September he entered the capital in triumph. But the next pretender, a thorn in Henrys side for much of the next decade, was a far more serious opponent. The treaty also contained an agreement that, as the parties were related, the signatories bound themselves to obtain the necessary dispensation from Rome. The so called Princes in the Tower disappeared mysteriously and Richard claimed the throne, becoming Richard III. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. (6) Negotiations took place and in December 1483, Henry took an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Elizabeth of York were he to be successful in making himself king of England. But this last throw of the dice amounted to nothing, and this time, Warbeck was captured, surrendering in panic at the approach of royal forces. Both sons and daughters were pieces to be moved in the diplomatic game, which usually began while they were still in their cradles. "Oh!" It was also agreed that the marriage would take place as soon as Henry completed his fifteenth year. Source: Tony Marturano / Adobe Stock. Warbeck also claimed he had been forced to take an oath not to reveal his identity for some years, in return for being spared. Queen Elizabeth also suggested she accustom herself to drink wine, as the water in England was not drinkable. At this time, England and Wales had a combined population of only two and a half million, compared to the seven and a half million of Castile and Aragon, and the fifteen million of France.
lambert simnel primary sources
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