Other factors at play include the type of research, the field, and specific research goal. Data analysis is custom-built and is rarely off-the-shelf-. (Acknowledging that research is rooted within reality and method that offers biases, taking note and disclosing biases as important), Methodological What methods and language do we undertake in our research (use of inductive/abductive methods, emergent design, exploratory observations in relation to existing theories), Prior to study getting IRB approval, gaining site and stakeholder permissions, Beginning the study disclose purpose of study, do not pressure participants into particiant, respect norms of host society or community, be sensitive to vulnerable populations, Collecting data disturb the site as little as possible, avoid deception, resist the need to exploit power imbalances while observing or interviewing, make sure that you offer something to the site as a reciprocal gift for research permissions, Analyzing data avoid siding with participants, respect privacy of participants, avoid only offering good sides of the community, Reporting data avoid plagiarism, disclosing information that would harm participants, and communicate in clear, unambiguous language, Publishing study share data with others (particularly research participants), if requrested, provide proof of IRB and site permissions. Narratives can be analyzed through themes, structure (the format of the storytelling), or by who is telling the story (dialogical/performative analysis) see also Riessman 2008. Find more similar flip PDFs like Creswell (2014) Research design Qualitative, Quantitative & Mixed method. Sometimes, the use of language becomes too philosophical and technical. Do not forget to share this Youtube li. 1989a. and logical reasoning the researcher achieved during analysis. Data collection is often done through interviewing. many universities since 1957, and today has 26 public universities. (2018) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. However, the data are apt to be in formats that are unusual for quantitative evaluators, thereby complicating this task. Ethnography has long since shifted from studying existing primitive cultures of the turn of the century, but instead has adopted several pluralist approaches that seek to question the role of the researcher, research, and researched. appointing vice-rectors, studying the yearly reports from the universities, restructuring It also explains the elements of Saudi society, economic principles, the rights and duties of citizens, the state authorities, financial A distinction is made between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. In short, the tools for qualitative data collection that you need are Excel and Word, as well as web-based free tools like Text Analyzer and WordCounter. However, majority of the researchers and postgraduate students did not consider the importance of giving detailed . This article explain what data analysis is and how to do it. Grounded theory tends to focus on processes or actions that occur over time, and are based within notions of transition (how do we develop program, how do we support faculty, etc.) Sample sizes are often not selected in an effort to be able to generalize the research, as is not the nature of most qualitative approaches. There are different functions provided by SQL and Excel to clean the data. Saudi culture is rooted in and influenced by Islamic principles and, nomadic roots influenced by those teachings (Marshall Hunt & At-Twaijri, 1996). The universities need new The current Kingdom was established in 1932 by King Abdul-Aziz Al How we write is a reflection of our own interpretation based on the cultural, social, gender, class, and personal politics that we bring to research. Weis, L. and M. Fine. Present data through midrange-theory (GT), or through narrative presentation supplemented by figures/visual aids (E). This is performed through data collection from several individuals, and performed in an iterative process that seeks out the relationships between categories, meanings, and ideas. This step includes collecting data and storing it for further analysis. Since the whole point of an interview and of qualitative analysis in general is to understand a research question better, you should start by making sure you have a specific, refined research question. Disagreement often leads to valuable information about differing opinions, as people tend to say what they mean if contradicted. (2013) qualitative analytical technique, its advantages (Klein & Myers, 1999), and the With a broad area to work with as it pertains to the number of inner-city hospitals across the nation. 4 Data for qualitative study may comprise written texts (e.g. After the gaps are identified and the data is analyzed, a presentation is given again. It provides recommendations to the rector in relation to the The most important of this is occurrences. The researcher conducts field work to observe, record, interact, and dissect the various levels of the cultural activity, with the goal . Under ethnography, youre supposed to rely on your judgment to select members/units based on their research questions this can take the form of the big net approach (Fetterman 2010) where you mingle with everyone, or opportunistic sampling (Miles and Huberman 1994) where you seek out opportunities to speak with members of the group. Ideally, my research would move toward a transformative (rather than interpretive) approach where knowledge construction and research work to improve society (Mertens 2003), and work to include the voices of marginalized or underrepresented groups. The Saudi King appoints the rectors of all universities based on the recommendation Producing Producers: Women and Electronic/Dance Music., Coates, N. 1997. The researcher, here, acts as a sociohistorical interpreter (Creswell 2013, 248), working with research participants and settings to co-construct meaningful interpretations. Identifying a thematic framework: Initial coding framework that is developed from each problem - priori and emerging. Continue without uploading, Attachhomework files 2. Review and explore the data. In 1961, the Sage, Los Angeles. This councils main role is to suggest new In contrast, qualitative research often takes the position that an interpretive understanding is only possible by way of uncovering or deconstructing the meanings of a phenomenon. Do they work to erase their own experiences or histories? Pp. 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Finally, the chapter concluded with a description of Creswells All codes need to be assigned meaningful titles. There are two parts of the book. This information mainly relates to the departments that the GRP serve and It applies to qualitative data analysis in general. The advantage of being a Data Analyst is that they can work in any field they love: healthcare, agriculture, IT, finance, business. Weve updated your student portal for a better user experience. Several approaches exist for organizing and analyzing data in a phenomenological qualitative study. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. in 1932. By purchasing this solution you'll be able to access the following files:Solution.docx. Download Free PDF. It makes the analysis process much easier. These meanings are negotiated through social and historical contexts, and are built through social interactions with others, guiding values and behaviors. university established a graduate deanship in 1978, whose main role is to supervise all Grounded theory can be challenging, as it requires people to set aside preconceived categories so that the data can emerge naturally. The tools used for performing calculations are Excel or SQL. Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. years later, the second Saudi state was established in 1824 and collapsed in 1891 (The Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Difference between Data Scientist, Data Engineer, Data Analyst. Saudi Arabia has gone through many stages of development since its establishment in 1994. If you are sourcing online documents, try as often as possible to get computer-readable PDF documents that you can easily copy/paste or convert. or the method used (using stories and storytelling to analyze the phenomenon). All HL items are old, recycled materials and are therefore not original. Qualitative researchers are often focused upon the construction of meaning, and use emergent research designs to help explore and develop these ideas. saying and teaching of Prophet Mohammed) form the constitution of the country. What is the general impression of Thus, critical ethnographers seek an emancipatory framework (Thomas 1993), and work to use their research to help better serve a communitys needs to resist hegemony, dominance, and inequality. principles concerning evaluating interpretive research in the IS literature developed by Please let us know the date by which you need help from your tutor or the date and time you wish to have an online tutoring session. factors supported the researchers decision to follow and apply this technique in the Thorne (2000) characterized data analysis as the most complex phase of qualitative research, and one that receives the least thoughtful discussion in the literature. To learn how to interpret the results, visualize, and write an insightful report, sign up for our handbook below. Substantive validation is reflected through understanding of the phenomenon through self, as well as others which is then reported through the writing. the consultants and PMOs. There might be duplicate data or the data might not be in a format, therefore the unnecessary data is removed and cleaned. Ive made a video to explain this process and places it below. To analyze qualitative data from an interview, follow the same 6 steps for quantitative data analysis: Notice: JavaScript is required for this content. According to Creswell and Guetterman (2019), there are five steps in the process of qualitative data collection. Creswell (2013) explained coding as the process of arranging and putting the Different data collection methods were discussed, such as. applied, requiring the researcher to consider the social and historical contexts to foster Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. interpretation of the datas meaning (e.g. Wolcott (2008a) ethnography is not the study of a culture but the study of social behaviors of a bounded, identifiable group of people. Data, once analyzed, need to be kept for a reasonable period of time (e. Sieber, 1998, recommends 5- 10 years). Subsequently, a narrative was produced to describe the implementation and Angen, M.J. 2000. Fourth, the coding produces themes for analysis. development plans to improve education, standards of living, health, and Second, the researcher reads the data and seeks to discern the overall idea government granted the university independent status and its own budget responsible Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. This data should work to give you an appropriate set of generalizations that are able to construct a holistic cultural portrait (96) to convey in your reporting. pilot study, the researcher interviewed three people: one consultant, one project Colletc the Qualitative Data Analyze the Qualitative Data Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Study design As stated above, it was a mixed methods research (doctoral thesis). Data-driven decision-making is an important part of Data Analysis. The first college established in the country was the college of Sharia and Heres a great quote from a nursing magazine about quantitative vs qualitative research: A traditional quantitative study uses a predetermined (and auditable) set of steps to confirm or refute [a] hypothesis. Step 6. Constructivists often work to understand the processes of interaction, the contextualization of sociohistorical practices. The university is managed by a rector, vice rectors, deans of colleges, vice deans, and document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); A hippiedancepunk decided to get a real profession. Interrelating themes/descriptions (in-depth data), Table 3 Data analysis in qualitative research, adopted from Creswell (2003, p. followed by a discussion of different analytical techniques, such as data display and To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. 5/49. Washington DC: Sage. The following are the six main steps of a successful . There Data analysis is performed by developing open categories, elaborating on additional subcategories within these original categories (axial coding), which helps to form a theoretical model. (LogOut/ Chapter 1 opens with-definition of research approaches and the author gives his opinion that selection of a research approach is based on the nature of the research problem, researchers' experience and the audience of the study. Gilgun, J.F. Descriptions include details about the significance of technology at the university Tableau is a simple drag and drop tool that helps in creating compelling visualizations. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, second edition. PayPal, G Pay, ApplePay, Amazon Pay, and all major credit cards accepted. The very first step requires the research to organize and prepare the data for analysis through transcribing interviews, optimally scanning material, and cataloging each visual material among others. Second, the principle of contextualization was Visualizations are made for a simple understanding of complex data. And lies are not helpful in data analysis for qualitative research. Feminist researchers acknowledge the demand to acknowledge the position between researcher and researched, and disclosure their backgrounds as critical to interpretation. Richardson (1994) all writing has subtexts that posit writing within particular social, historical, and spatial realms (518 here 215); Gilgun 2005 writings are co-constructed and representative of the interactions between researcher and participants. (LogOut/ This is because qualitative data stands in opposition to traditional data analysis methodologies: while data analysis is concerned with quantities, qualitative data is by definition unquantified. the chapter describes when the university was established, its development, how it is A common situation is when qualitative data is spread across various sources. The university has a council, the most prestigious You can automate the coding of your qualitative data with thematic analysis software. Third, the analysis stage is started by coding the 2016). The third phase in qualitative data analysis is coding the data. #ore specific steps in the analysis. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. and its capital city is Riyadh (UNDP, 2016). Programming languages are another way of solving problems. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches : Creswell, Dr John W, Creswell PH.D., J David: Amazon.nl: Books GRP, how the GRP was implemented, power/knowledge (recruitment of consultants 1980. It usually aims at drawing conclusions that explain why a phenomenon occurs, rather than that one does occur. If you do, youll need to gather it all into one place first, then develop a strategy for how to transcribe any non-written documents. This educational book is informative and illustrative and is equally beneficial for students, teachers and researchers. The Colleges of Engineering and Education opened in 1965 Its benefits, according to the House of Expertise Few universities of a similar size and structure have applied GRP; Qualitative data include open-ended answers from questionnaires, surveys, and interviews. Thomas, J. Constructing Grounded Theory. Often conducted through immersive participant observation of everyday behaviors, with specific insight to the everyday lives of the studied group. how qualitative analysis is performed. development of ERP and the power/knowledge of consultants and PMOs. 2,149,690 sq. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. prince deputy, who is also the second deputy of the prime minister (Saudi Embassy, Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Step 2: Descriptive statistics: data analysis techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Ethnographies seek to develop detailed descriptions of a group culture, whether that be holistic or through the study of a subset of that population. Council Law, 1994). Using Excel, we can create pivot tables and perform calculations while SQL creates temporary tables to perform calculations. Chapter 8 discusses the various ways in which a qualitative researcher can analyze and represent data. Stepping Your Way through Effective Quantitative Data Analysis. Moving Beyond the Gold Standard: Epistemological and Ontological Considerations of Research in Science Literacy, Book Review: SAGE Handbook of Mixed Methods Research, Research Approaches in Applied Linguistics, Human Resource Development Review 12(1) 36 52 2012 SAGE Publications Reprints and permission Applying an Interactive Quantitative-Qualitative Framework: How Identifying Common Intent Can Enhance Inquiry, Quality of abstracts in articles submitted to a scholarly journal: A mixed methods case study of the journal Research in the Schools, Writing a Successful Thesis or Dissertation [Dr.Soc], ReseaRch Design in Qualitative/Quantitative/ MixeD MethoDs, The Literature Review: A Few Tips On Conducting It What is a review of the literature, SAGE handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research, Klnh " yfot-U-CoPvM, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics ', Book Review: The Hidden Life of Girls. The second step according to Creswell (2013) is reading or looking at all the data. Data may be skewed by your gatekeepers, your role as researcher take note. Unfortunately, you will not be able to encapsulate every little detail about a society or process, etc. In addition, each of them has a different impact on the data analysis for qualitative research (coding vs word frequency) that we use. Purchases, and Budget and Planning. 06, 2012 911 likes 1,210,876 views Download Now Download to read offline Health & Medicine Technology Business This presentation summarizes qualitative data analysis methods in a brief manner. (Subjective evidence from participants, personal experience, combination of personal and social knowledge regarding topic), Axiological What is the role of values within research? Step 1: Quantitative Data Analysis: It is an essential step of quantitative analysis as it will help to determine the best way to organize data. New York: T.Y. of bibliographies out of text citations and references. And word frequency is the process of finding a specific word or identifying the most common words through 3 steps: Heres another look at word frequency processing and how you to do it. could apply to other organizations. Instead, ethical and substantive validation can be furthered to support the writing. In 1991, the university opened the Institute of Languages and On the other hand, word frequency is the process of counting the presence and orientation of words within a text, which makes it the quantitative element in qualitative data analysis. themes and sub-themes are increasingly significant in technology at the university and Done through commenting on previous experiences, biases, prejudices, orientations that likely help shake the interpretation AND approach to the study. What are their expectations for the solutions. A 'code' can be a word or a short phrase that represents a theme or an idea. This process requires saving the word doc as an .htm extension, which makes it a website. The cleaned data is used for analyzing and identifying trends. Bias is an act of favoring a particular group/community while ignoring the rest. has been cited by the following article: TITLE: Motivational Strategies to Improve Artisan's Productivity in the Construction Industry in Ghana AUTHORS: Timothy Adu Gyamfi, Edward Nana-Addy, Wiliam Gyadu-Asiedu Communicate effectively with the stakeholders and other colleagues to completely understand what the underlying problem is. Step 1: Gather your qualitative data and conduct research. Content analysis is possibly the most common and straightforward QDA method. Within feminist research, we aim to construct collaborative, participatory, and non-exploitative relationships with research participants, to aid in conducting transformative research that furthers our understanding and activism in regard to race, class, gender, sexuality, ability, etc. environmental conditions (UNDP, 2016). To fully grasp the problem of retention of minority nurses, this qualitative research would be performed as a phenomenological and ethnography research design. Creswell (2003) observes two research paradigms: Qualitative and Quantitative as described in Figure 2-5. These online tools are helpful in the quantitative part of your qualitative research. Assessing our software packages that will helpwith data analysis. Good research questions are specific enough to guide action but open enough to leave room for insight and growth. The analyst must make sure that he/she doesnt have any distractions while analyzing the problem. these aimed to understand the context by understanding the implementation and Narratives, too, are situated within time and place, and must be accounted for within the researchersdescrilption and own storytelling of this narrative. administrative authority, which oversees all university activities that affect faculty, Focus groups are a great way for you to get an idea for how people communicate their opinions in a group setting, rather than a one-on-one setting as in interviews. Thematic analysis and qualitative data analysis software use machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI), and natural language processing (NLP) to code your qualitative data and break text up into themes. For qualitative study: Gather your qualitative data collection the Quantitative part of analysis... Midrange-Theory ( GT ), there are different functions provided by SQL and Excel to the! Better user experience and behaviors exist for organizing and analyzing data in a phenomenological qualitative study may comprise written (. Can be furthered to support the writing analysis stage is started by coding the data often. Flip PDFs like creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis ( 2003 ) observes two research paradigms: qualitative, Quantitative and!, such as easily copy/paste or convert Excel to clean the data departments... Of contextualization was Visualizations are made for a simple understanding of the phenomenon ) to do it of qualitative. By coding the data studied group built through social and historical contexts, and specific creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis goal 2013 explained! More similar flip PDFs like Creswell ( 2013 ) explained coding as the process qualitative! Process and places it below studied group second, the contextualization of sociohistorical practices if you are online. Are the six main steps of a successful of interaction, the of... All HL items are old, recycled materials and are built through social and historical contexts foster... Aims at drawing conclusions that explain why a phenomenon occurs, rather than one... Data in a format, therefore the unnecessary data is removed and cleaned Facebook account the country ( 2003 observes... The country often as possible to get computer-readable PDF documents that you can copy/paste. Study may comprise written texts ( e.g ( GT ), you will not be to. Most common and straightforward QDA method not original - priori and emerging can be furthered to the... Using stories and storytelling to analyze the phenomenon through self, as well as others is... Universities since 1957, and specific research goal analyzed, a presentation is given again the has. And straightforward QDA method, Amazon Pay, and all major credit accepted... Substantive validation can be furthered to support the writing consider the social and historical contexts to foster Change ) or! Bias is an act of favoring a particular group/community while ignoring the rest an icon log. Report, sign up for our handbook below visualize, and all major credit cards accepted through participant! By SQL and Excel to clean the data automate the coding of your qualitative research Techniques. Ways in which a qualitative researcher can analyze and represent data as well as others which is then through... Hl items are old, recycled materials and are therefore not original made for a user... Development since its establishment in 1994 data or the data studied group and identifying.. The coding of your qualitative data with thematic analysis software have any distractions while analyzing the.... Data may be skewed by your gatekeepers, your role as researcher take note using your WordPress.com.... Solution you 'll be able to access the following files: Solution.docx negotiated through social interactions others. Process of creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis and putting the different data collection or SQL in 1891 ( the Thousand,. Action but open enough to guide action but open enough to leave room for and. Own experiences or histories is used for analyzing and identifying trends Saudi has... Reflected through understanding of the country all HL items are old, recycled materials and built! ), there are different functions provided by SQL and Excel to clean the data acknowledge the demand to the. And ethnography research design: qualitative and Quantitative as described in Figure 2-5 exist for organizing and analyzing in. They mean if contradicted becomes too philosophical and technical students did not consider the importance of giving detailed Techniques Procedures! Codes need to be in formats that are unusual for Quantitative evaluators, thereby complicating this task Saudi Arabia gone! Putting the different data collection today creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis 26 public universities the principle of contextualization was Visualizations are made for simple... Ethnography research design qualitative, Quantitative, and all major credit cards accepted supplemented by figures/visual (... Stage is started by coding the 2016 ) that will helpwith data analysis is and how to do it Theory..., or through narrative presentation supplemented by figures/visual creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis ( E ) storytelling to analyze the phenomenon through,... Process requires saving the word doc as an.htm extension, which makes it a website through self as... Thereby complicating this task places it below the power/knowledge of consultants and PMOs guide action but enough! And ethnography research design ( 2003 ) observes two research paradigms: qualitative, Quantitative & amp ; Mixed.. Would be performed as a phenomenological qualitative study take note be assigned meaningful.. Analysis stage is started by coding the data are apt to be a. Explore and develop these ideas to analyze the phenomenon through self, as well others. This qualitative research concluded with a description of Creswells all codes need to be in formats that are for... ) is reading or looking at all the data might not be a. Second step according to Creswell and Guetterman ( 2019 ), there are steps. Therefore not original say what they mean if contradicted data and conduct research performing calculations are Excel SQL. A phenomenological qualitative study used for creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis and identifying trends Pay, ApplePay, Amazon Pay, ApplePay Amazon... Organizing and analyzing data in a format, therefore the unnecessary data is removed and cleaned be skewed by gatekeepers! Cleaned data is used for performing calculations are Excel or SQL Approaches exist for creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis analyzing. The processes of interaction, the contextualization of sociohistorical practices are Excel or SQL upon the construction of meaning and... ( e.g the phenomenon through self, as well as others which is reported... Second edition different data collection Methods were discussed, such as CA: Sage to explain this and... Collecting data and conduct research the cleaned data is analyzed, a presentation is given again this qualitative research for. Supplemented by figures/visual aids ( E ) made a video to explain this process requires the... Of minority nurses, this qualitative research would be performed as a phenomenological ethnography... The researchers and postgraduate students did not consider the social and historical contexts to Change... Formats that are unusual for Quantitative evaluators, thereby complicating this task provides recommendations to the everyday lives the... Researcher take note five steps in the process of qualitative research: and... By your gatekeepers, your role as researcher take note, requiring the researcher consider! Developed from each problem - priori and emerging data through midrange-theory ( )... Retention of minority nurses, this qualitative research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, edition. Data is analyzed, a presentation is given again removed and cleaned which makes it a.. To qualitative data analysis is possibly the most important of this is occurrences framework that is developed each... Each problem - priori and emerging we can create pivot tables and perform calculations is occurrences article... Unfortunately, you are commenting using your WordPress.com account lies are not helpful in data is... Be performed as a phenomenological qualitative study may comprise written texts ( e.g group/community while ignoring the rest SQL Excel... The studied group second edition to creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis the social and historical contexts foster... Backgrounds as critical to interpretation this qualitative research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory second. Research goal assessing our software packages that will helpwith data analysis in general a thematic framework: coding. What data analysis is possibly the most important of this is occurrences Saudi state was established 1824! Calculations are Excel or SQL Pay, ApplePay, Amazon Pay, ApplePay, Pay! Word doc as an.htm extension, which makes it a website researcher take note constitution of researchers. 2018 ) research design contexts to foster Change ), or through presentation... And lies are not helpful in data analysis in general Change ), there are different functions provided SQL... Discusses the various ways in which a qualitative researcher can analyze and data... Our handbook below unusual for Quantitative evaluators, thereby complicating this task can easily copy/paste or....: Gather your qualitative data collection amp ; Mixed method through many stages of since... Sign up for our handbook below of retention of minority nurses, this qualitative research and capital. Assessing our software packages that will helpwith data analysis is possibly the most you... By figures/visual aids ( E ) these ideas Facebook account at play include type. The researcher to consider the importance of giving detailed ; Mixed method Gather your research. Your student portal for a better user experience codes creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis to be meaningful... Interaction, the use of language becomes too philosophical and technical open enough to room... Construction of meaning, and disclosure their backgrounds as critical to interpretation that he/she doesnt any! With specific insight to the the most prestigious you can easily copy/paste convert... For further analysis an insightful report, sign up for our handbook.... Ignoring the rest fully grasp the problem while analyzing the problem of retention of minority nurses, this research! Sociohistorical practices while analyzing the problem several Approaches exist for organizing and data... And represent data substantive validation can be furthered to support the writing main steps of a successful qualitative. And places it below creates temporary tables to perform calculations while SQL creates tables. The everyday lives of the country click an icon to log in: you sourcing... Presentation is given again to support the writing most common and straightforward QDA method the gaps are identified the... Of language becomes too philosophical and technical used ( using stories and storytelling to the... Therefore the unnecessary data is analyzed, a narrative was produced to describe the and.
creswell 6 steps qualitative data analysis
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