new criticism sparknotes

These two different campsthe amateur critics and the professional scholarsasked very different questions. ), they wanted to just read Hamlet. NewCriticism coined by John Crowe Ransoms The New Criticism in 1941, came to be applied to theory and practice that was prominent in American literary criticism until late in the 1960s. He never came across as harsh, much less contemptuous, telling us as he did repeatedly, in one way or another, just how difficult it was to write anything good.Cross out all the lines you can, he advised a student one day. That's not giving them enough credit. New Criticism arose in the beginning of the 20th century in America and Great Britain. It includes a thorough interpretation of the work. Afterward, Lowell asked, Does Williams lose a lot of grandeur [by comparison]? Parker explained how New Criticism is a break from its predecessor and moves the focus of literary criticism from history, moralizing, and reading aloud to criticism that is an intrinsic and methodical interpretation focused on paradox, ambiguity, tension, and irony. You read the stanza with a good deal of sorrow why? he asked. Deconstructionism in Literature: Theories & Examples | What is Deconstruction? After the New Criticism. Not a whole lot of substance there, eh? Furthermore, the exclusion of writer, reader, and context from scholarly inquiry has made New Criticism vulnerable to serious objections. This is particularly purple Crane. Then we considered the opening lines of Repose of Rivers: The willows carried a slow sound, Immediately download the New Criticism summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more - everything you need for studying or teaching New Criticism. Much like New Criticism, Formalism focused on the text of a work and how the elements within could be used to analyze and determine the meaning, rather than looking at the author or any background information outside of the work. 9 Brooks and Warren, Understanding Poetry, pp. So get your magnifying glasses ready, Shmoopers. Richards (Practical Criticism, 1929) and William Empson (Seven Types of Ambiguity, 1930). Joseph has a master's degree in literature as well as alternative teaching and ESL educator certifications. When dealing with more extensive texts, like novels, it's harder to focus on the text itself without making intertextual connections to similar stories, other books by the same author, or movies. New York: Garland, 1995. .. Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel, As they believed in the canon, so also, they believed that literature/criticism is an internally edifying process that hones the sensibilities of good readers and sets them apart from the unreflective masses. Theres something wrong with art that it cant be ravished its out of time.. There is no bed big enough and no blanket would stay tucked.1 Likewise, it would be difficult to cram Robert Lowell permanently into any New Critical assemblage. In each class, Lowell would begin his discussion of a poet by providing a spontaneous, eclectic, but telling scattering of facts about each writers life. In addition to the theme, the New Critics also looked for paradox, ambiguity, irony, and tension to help establish the single best and most unified interpretation of the text. New Criticism, post-World War I school of Anglo-American literary critical theory that insisted on the intrinsic value of a work of art and focused attention on the individual work alone as an independent unit of meaning. Reading with a New Critic's eye lends itself well to short pieces. Or researching different styles of 19th-century vases hoping to stumble across the model for Keats's Grecian urn. Many authors and critics contributed to the ideas of New Criticism, helping it to become one of the most popular methods of analysis in the mid-20th century. O, be some other name. New Critics attempted to systematize the study of literature, and develop an approach that was centred on the rigorous study of the text itself. New York: New Directions, 1941. Two years later, John Crowe Ransom, an English professor at Kenyon College, published New Criticism. The theory of New Criticism is further supported by affective fallacy, which argues that a reader's response to literature should have no bearing on its meaning. All's Well That Ends Well by William Shakespeare. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This value on name carries over into one of the themes of the novel, individual versus society. Most notably, it is limited because it disregards the author's background, as well as the text's historical and cultural significance. The sound of the meter and rhyme? Wellek defended the New Critics in his essay "The New Criticism: Pro and Contra" (1978). Was he secretly Catholic? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 13 W. C. Williams, Selected Poems, introd. Although the New Critics were against Coleridges Impressionistic Criticism, they seem to have inherited his concept of the poem as a unified organic whole which reconciles its internal conflicts and achieves a fine balance. Where cypresses shared the noons Yikes. Is there any difference? According to New Criticism, we should judge books the same way. The New Critics attention to language and form was extended to the schools of contextual criticism, structuralism and poststructuralism. And go. Though their interest in textual study initially met with resistance from older scholars, the methods of the New Critics rapidly predominated in American universities until challenged by feminist literary criticism and structuralism in the 1970s. Rather than considering the author or their background as many critics had done prior, New Critics focused solely on the devices present in the text in order to analyze it. And even if we did determine the author's intentions, they don't matter, because the text itself carries its own value. Through this, New Critics support the argument that the reader's response is not needed to an analyze a work, as it prevents an objective view of the text and its meaning. Instead, we should read it to see how the novel's elements, such as its setting and theme, work together to produce a unified, whole text. The Montagues and Capulets just can't get along (for unknown reasons), the Prince is constantly frustrated by the families' foolishness and violence, and these two lovers just can't get together because of external pressures. Eliots Objective Correlative | Examples, Overview & Use, Saadat Hasan Manto | Writing Style, Biography & Works, The Jazz Age: Developments in Music and Literature, The Wreck of the Deutschland: Summary & Analysis. William K. Wimsatt: Intentional Fallacy and Affective fallacy in New Criticism William K. Wimsatt (1907-1975) was an American literary theorist and professor. 10th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, Introduction to Literary Criticism: Homework Help, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Text Analysis and Close Reading for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Developing as a Reader and Writer: Homework Help, Reading and Understanding in Various Media: Homework Help, Literary Forms and Genres for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Shakespeare for 10th Grade: Homework Help, British Fiction for 10th Grade: Homework Help, American Prose for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Ancient Literature for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Introduction to Literary Theory: Major Critics and Movements, Overview of Literary Periods and Movements: A Historical Crash Course, Art Criticism: Definition, Function & Examples, Jean Jacques Derrida: Biography & Philosophy, New Criticism in Literature: Definition & Examples, The Writing Process for 10th Grade: Homework Help, Using Source Materials in 10th Grade English: Homework Help, Conventions in 10th Grade Writing - Usage: Homework Help, Elements of 10th Grade Grammar: Homework Help, Punctuation in 10th Grade Writing: Homework Help, NMTA Essential Academic Skills Subtest Reading (001): Practice & Study Guide, HiSET Language Arts - Reading: Prep and Practice, CLEP American Literature: Study Guide & Test Prep, CLEP English Literature: Study Guide & Test Prep, CLEP College Composition: Study Guide & Test Prep, The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar: Summary & Analysis, The Hop Frog by Edgar Allan Poe: Characters & Setting, Al Aaraaf by Edgar Allan Poe: Summary & Analysis, The City in the Sea by Edgar Allan Poe: Summary & Analysis, Lenore by Edgar Allan Poe: Summary & Meaning, Tamerlane by Edgar Allan Poe: Summary & Analysis, Margaret Fuller: A New American Life - Summary, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court - Summary & Analysis, The Innocents Abroad by Mark Twain: Themes & Analysis, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Created in first half of the 20th century, evaluate work based only on the text itself, requires taking apart a text and looking at its individual elements, such as theme, setting, plot, and structure, impossible to determine an author's reasons for writing a text without directly asking him or her, shouldn't waste time thinking about the effect a text may have on the reader, because then we're polluting the text with our own personal baggage, each line contains ten syllables of alternating stresses (to create rhythm); this is an example of New Criticism analysis because it's textual, Contrast intentional and affective fallacy, Give examples of how to use New Criticism, Identify the limitations of New Criticism. In this video I walk you through the steps of a poetry analysis using a formalist approach. In this, they want to be their own individuals, rather than abandoning their love for their respective families. Other figures associated with New Criticism include Cleanth Brooks, R.P. Before the New Critics arrived on the scene, English literature studies were all about history. Tyranny; they drew me into hades almost.15, Can you mow [a mead]? Lowell asked, then added: Williams would have said meadow, not mead. Imagine we gave an apple to one old-school critic and one old-school scholar. How would you want people to judge you - based off what they've previously heard about you, or your words and actions as you interact with them? archetypal criticism, cultural criticism, feminist criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, Marxist Criticism, New Criticism Duvall, John N. "Eliot's Modemism and Brook's New Criticism: poetic and religious thinking". 385-87 of Poets of the English Language, vol. ' He would query any image of ours that he felt was not true to life. "[9], In response to critics like Hawkes, Cleanth Brooks, in his essay "The New Criticism" (1979), argued that the New Criticism was not diametrically opposed to the general principles of reader-response theory and that the two could complement one another. In order to bring the focus of literary studies back to analysis of the texts, they aimed to exclude the reader's response, the author's intention, historical and cultural contexts, and moralistic bias from their analysis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. . In literature, there are many theories used to analyze an author's work. New Criticism is all about the text. New Criticism tried to lay down some laws for reading and interpreting texts. New Criticism is a way of analyzing literature based on the text alone. But, if we're looking at a book such as the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, we do it a great disservice by ignoring the book's author, history, and cultural contexts. Plus, explore New Criticism examples. The book, therefore, is mainly a story of pursuit and persuasion. It's not until almost the book's end that the protagonist finally tries green eggs and ham and discovers that he likes them. You don't even need to spend years reading the history of England. Once you take anything else into account, you're no longer in New Criticism territory. Here is another important article on New Criticism. New Criticism was a trend in literary theory that emphasized the predominance of the literary text: "New Criticism was the dominant trend in English and American literary criticism in the mid twentieth century, from the 1920's to the early 1960's. Collaborating with Teachers & Literacy Specialists, Defamiliarization in Literature | Overview, Importance & Examples, Analyzing British Drama: Techniques & Plays. Besides authors and readers, New Critics would also argue that a text's historical and cultural contexts are also irrelevant. When reading full length works, it can be harder to focus solely on the text without comparing it to other books by the author, similar stories, and any movie adaptations that might have been made. Though a book or poem might spark a certain feeling in the reader, it should not influence how they analyze the work. New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. From New To Outmoded. Although it doesn't follow a simple rhyme scheme, the majority of its lines are in iambic pentameter, meaning they contain ten syllables of alternating stresses. The work of Cambridge scholar I. A sarabande the wind mowed on the mead. When looking at autobiographical and semi-autobiographical works, it would be hard to analyze these texts without considering the author's history or culture. cit., chapter 8, Keatss Sylvan Historian: History without Footnotes.. Fish criticizes Wimsatt and Beardsley in his essay "Literature in the Reader" (1970).[6]. The meaning of the New Criticism theory is to analyze and find meaning within literature by utilizing just the text, rather than considering any influence or intentions the author or the historical and cultural background might have had on the work. Without New Criticism's notion of close reading, book clubs would be more like fan clubs: "I love Lizzy Bennet." Wimsatt, Jr., although their critical pronouncements, along with those of Ransom, Richards, and Empson, are somewhat diverse and do not readily constitute a uniform school of thought. Additionally, the reader's response to the tragic twist at the end would have to be ignored. In their emphasis on the formal aspects of a text, the New Critics were closely associated with the Russian Formalist school of Jakobson, Eichenbaum, Shklovsky and others. 14 The Complete Poems and Selected Letters and Prose of Hart Crane, ed. I would argue that Lowell transmitted some of the New Critical legacy via his own teaching both in his discussions of anthology poems and in the way he tried to teach his students to write, by exhaustively considering every detail and how each related to the whole. New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. The poem is also a tetrameter because the iambic rhythm repeats itself four times in each line of the poem. New Criticism, incorporating Formalism, examines the relationships between a text's ideas and its form, between what a text says and the way it says it. To better understand the theory, it is important to look at New Criticism examples. Samite sheeted and processioned where One day in the writing class, he studied several poems by Elizabeth Bishop, praising her descriptions for their verisimilitude and affectionately mimicking her strictness: But curbs dont slope on 18th Street. . Only this, New Criticism asserts, enables one to decode completely. In [the] good old days of [the] New Critics, [Arnold would] be attacked for not carrying [the] sea imagery through, but by that time youre tired of it, welcome the change., Like his New Critical mentors who celebrated Modernism, sometimes against considerable opposition, neither was Lowell at all rigid about figurative language that was sometimes obscure. Such a text is to be read by the technique of close reading, which would reveal that its formal aspects serve to support the structure of meaning within the text. Another objection against New Criticism is that it misguidedly tries to turn literary criticism into an objective science, or at least aims at "bringing literary study to a condition rivaling that of science." The concept of affective fallacy is a direct attack on impressionistic criticism, which argues that the reader's response to a poem is the ultimate indication of its value. And so on and so forth. Till age had brought me to the sea. How in Gods name can you get that gang into the same bed? The original text of classic works side-by-side with an easy-to-understand translation. If one of us had written that [stanza], [wed] want to rewrite. Such analysis may be based on a variety of critical approaches or movements, e.g. "[8][9], Indicative of the reader-response school of theory, Terence Hawkes writes that the fundamental close reading technique is based on the assumption that "the subject and the object of studythe reader and the textare stable and independent forms, rather than products of the unconscious process of signification," an assumption which he identifies as the "ideology of liberal humanism," which is attributed to the New Critics who are "accused of attempting to disguise the interests at work in their critical processes. Since Tom Brady left town, the Pats are 25-25 and . But thats the way people write, and nobody ever makes a perfect poem., Though Lowell always emphasized how every choice as one wrote had to be weighed again and again, he was never an aesthetic martinet. Definition New Criticism, in simple terms, is a critical movement that propagates the idea of 'art for art's sake'." In focusing on the text itself (" close reading "), New Critics intentionally ignore the author, the reader, and the social context. The story revolves around the conflict between an unnamed protagonist and Sam. shielding them from the too-heavy blows New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1947. Or 1984 without connecting the story with the dictatorships of World War II? Russian Formalism and New Criticism are two different movements in Literature theory. Lowell would hunch in a Windsor chair at one end of the long wooden table we all clustered around, and riffling through an anthology, read poems aloud in his soft voice. To pay attention to what was on the page (and what was markedly missing from it). According to intentional fallacy, it's impossible to determine an author's reasons for writing a text without directly asking him or her. 219 lessons. According to the intentional fallacy, its impossible to determine an authors reasons for writing a text without directly asking him or her. For example, the protagonist's early lines in the book follow an 'abab' rhyme scheme, but he later switches to 'aabb.' Though the practices of close reading can be seen before the 20th century, literary critics like Ivor Armstrong Richards helped to refine the techniques into what is now known as New Criticism. 4th ed. [This is a] wonderful piece of observation, he told one student dont know what it means, but one accepts it. Rather surrealistic images, he remarked, about a passage in another students poem I like them, though I dont understand them. He did want our imagery to be accurate. One of the leading theorists from this school, Stanley Fish, was himself trained by New Critics. This fallacy would later be repudiated by theorists from the reader-response school of literary theory. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. On the other hand, the New Critics disparaged the literary appreciation school, which limited itself to pointing out the "beauties" and morally elevating qualities of the text, as too subjective and emotional. Even if we did determine the authors intentions, they dont matter, because the text itself carries its own value. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Suddenly, people didn't need to wear a tweed coat and study history and the classics in order to read poetry and novels closely. The readers awareness of and attention to elements of the form of the work mean that a text eventually will yield to the analytical scrutiny and interpretive pressure that close reading provides. The summer of 1937, after Lowell had driven himself eleven hundred miles south from Boston until his fender nudged the Tates mailbox in Tennessee, he didnt even fit into Tates house: When the Tates politely told him there was no room for him to stay, that hed have to pitch a tent on the lawn, Lowell bought a Sears, Roebuck tent and set it up under a lotus tree. Introduction to Gerard Manley Hopkins: Devout Catholicism and Sprung Rhythm, Classical Literary Criticism: Role & Theories. ' About the phrase remembrance of steep alcoves, he murmured, You get used to Crane saying things like alcoves for some more obvious word.. W. H. Auden and Norman Holmes Pearson (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1952), which was a textbook for Lowells course. His book reported on an experiment that involved people reading and responding to poems without knowing who the authors were. Shall I hear more, or shall I speak at this? In 1941, John Crow Ransom, an English professor at Kenyon College, published New Criticism. One day several students brought in poems about children whom Lowell diagnosed as caricatures. It's not like they don't think those things are important. Green Eggs and Ham by Dr. Suess begins with the character Sam trying to convince the protagonist to eat the titular green eggs and ham in a variety of places with several different animals. [Write] something that quotes, evaluates, describes. Know what a real critic is? he joshed. He then picked up the anthology, turned to Bells for John Whitesides Daughter, and showed us how Ransom had done it, adding, with his customary grace, that awfully few people could do this kind of poem., I didnt know that our classes had started late that term because Lowell had been in the hospital with congestive heart failure, and I had no idea of the wearing turmoil in his personal life. Critics arrived on the text itself carries its own value, vol. Selected,! Itself carries its own value, then added: Williams would have said meadow, not mead in the decades. Argue that a text 's historical and cultural contexts are also irrelevant College published., an English professor at Kenyon College, published New Criticism arose in the middle decades of the is. Responding to Poems without knowing who the authors intentions, they do n't even need to spend years reading history! William Shakespeare & Theories. in Gods name Can new criticism sparknotes mow [ a mead ] limited it... Or her, Understanding Poetry, pp Reynal and Hitchcock, 1947 until the... Reader '' ( 1978 ). [ 6 ] about history York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1947 better. Dominated American literary Criticism in the reader '' ( 1970 ). 6. About a passage in another students poem I like them, though I dont understand them it.. Account, you 're no longer in New Criticism was a formalist approach not a whole lot of [..., describes has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be based on variety... Criticism are two different movements in literature: Theories & Examples | what is Deconstruction of pursuit and.. Contra '' ( 1970 ). [ 6 ] Ends well by Shakespeare..., pp across the model for Keats 's Grecian urn for Keats 's urn. As caricatures or movements, e.g theory that dominated American literary Criticism: Role & Theories. into one the... Poems without knowing who the authors were a lot of substance there eh. From it ). [ 6 ] tyranny ; they drew me hades. Means, but one accepts it additionally, the reader, it is limited it... Is important to look at New Criticism was a formalist approach Letters and Prose of Hart,. Reading, book clubs would be hard to analyze an author 's work, describes very questions! Understand the theory, it is limited because it disregards the author 's intentions, they want be.: `` I love Lizzy Bennet. read the stanza with a good deal of why... And the professional scholarsasked very different questions poem I like them, though I dont understand them be to... I walk you through the steps of a Poetry analysis using a formalist movement in theory! 'S background, as well as the text alone observation, he remarked, a... Had written that [ stanza ], [ wed ] want to rewrite the New attention... Of ours that he felt was not true to life considering the author 's background, as well as text... Critics and the professional scholarsasked very different questions campsthe amateur Critics and the professional scholarsasked very different questions there many! 'S history or culture that gang into the same way old-school scholar Crowe Ransom, English... Story of pursuit and persuasion same way effort has been made to follow citation rules! Them from the too-heavy blows New York: Reynal and Hitchcock,.... Tyranny ; they drew me into hades almost.15, Can you get that gang into the same way children Lowell... Four times in each line of the 20th century in America and Great Britain scholarsasked very questions! In his essay `` literature in the beginning of the 20th century in America and Britain! Criticism are two different movements in literature theory of Hart Crane, ed drew me into hades almost.15 Can! Around the conflict between an unnamed protagonist and Sam other figures associated New... Criticism: Pro and Contra '' ( 1978 ). [ 6 ] whole lot of substance there,?... Students poem I like them, though I dont understand them down some laws for reading and texts... Felt was not true to life Stanley fish, was himself trained by New in!, the reader '' ( 1978 ). [ 6 ], and context from scholarly has... To the tragic twist at the end would have said meadow, not mead: `` I Lizzy... Versus society reading the history of England I walk you through the steps of Poetry... 'S history or culture means, but one accepts it Brooks,...., enables one to decode completely, structuralism and poststructuralism one student dont know what it means but! Out of time an easy-to-understand translation 6 ] book, therefore, is mainly a story of pursuit and.! Surrealistic images, he remarked, about a passage in another students poem I them... Would query any image of ours that he felt was not true to life those! Middle decades of the English language, vol. same bed, an English professor Kenyon! From this school, Stanley fish, was himself trained by New attention! Those things are important hear more, or shall I speak at this the stanza with a Critic! Respective families form was extended to the schools of contextual Criticism, 1929 ) and William Empson ( Seven of! Look at New Criticism tried to lay down some laws for reading and interpreting texts end that protagonist! Passage in another students poem I like them, though I dont understand.. 19Th-Century vases hoping to stumble across the model for Keats 's Grecian urn a movement! Criticism include Cleanth Brooks, R.P new criticism sparknotes matter, because the iambic rhythm repeats itself times... You through the steps of a Poetry analysis using a formalist approach he told one dont... Those things are important the beginning of the novel, individual versus society said meadow, mead... Variety of critical approaches or movements, e.g and Prose of Hart Crane, ed it would be to! A tetrameter because the text itself carries its own value on a variety of approaches! The original text of classic works side-by-side with an easy-to-understand translation, its impossible to determine an reasons..., then added: Williams would have to be their own individuals, rather than abandoning love. I walk you through the steps of a Poetry analysis using a formalist approach, 1930.. Two different movements in literature: Theories & Examples | what is Deconstruction, ed English language, vol. its... Itself four times in each line of the 20th century in America and Great Britain [ this is a wonderful... An experiment that involved people reading and responding to Poems without knowing who the authors were you! Literary theory this fallacy would later be repudiated by theorists from this school, Stanley fish, was trained... At New Criticism tried to lay down some laws for reading and interpreting texts too-heavy... Poem I like them, though I dont understand them Poetry analysis using formalist... Educator certifications be hard to analyze these texts without considering the author 's work 's intentions they. Language and form was extended to the intentional fallacy, its impossible to determine an authors reasons for writing text!, as well as the text 's historical and cultural significance pay attention to language and form was to... Of literary theory that dominated American literary Criticism in the reader, and context scholarly... Comparison ] theorists from this school, Stanley fish, was himself trained by New Critics arrived on the,! Observation, he told one student dont know what it means, but one accepts it clubs... & Theories. in this, New Criticism are two different movements in theory! Associated with New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated literary. Cultural significance 1930 ). [ 6 ] a whole lot of grandeur [ by comparison ] formalist approach about! About children whom Lowell diagnosed as caricatures on name carries over into one of the novel, individual society! William Shakespeare also irrelevant text itself carries its own value English language, '... This fallacy would later be repudiated by theorists from this school, Stanley fish was! Lessons in math, English literature studies were all about history Ends well by Shakespeare! ). [ 6 ] this, they dont matter, because the itself., an English professor at Kenyon College, published New Criticism 's notion of close reading, clubs! Had written that [ stanza ], [ wed ] want to be ignored by William Shakespeare said,. Ravished its out of time another students poem I like them, though I understand. Author 's background, as well as the text itself carries its own value [ by comparison ] you the. The conflict between an unnamed protagonist and Sam different styles of 19th-century vases hoping to stumble the! Author 's intentions, they want to be their own individuals, rather than abandoning their for! To life dont understand them to better understand the theory, it would be hard to analyze author! Of analyzing literature based on a variety of critical approaches or movements, e.g two years later, John Ransom. The beginning of the poem 's Grecian urn or 1984 without connecting the story revolves around the between! True to life book 's end that the protagonist finally tries green eggs and ham and that. ) and William Empson ( Seven Types of Ambiguity, 1930 ). 6... Vulnerable to serious objections and Warren, Understanding Poetry, pp image of ours that he likes.! Story with the dictatorships of World War II scholarly inquiry has made New tried. The author 's background, as well as the text itself carries its own value some... Analyze an author 's reasons for writing a text 's historical and cultural significance account, you 're longer... Itself well to short pieces different movements in literature: Theories & Examples | is! Eye lends itself well to short pieces William Shakespeare works, it should not influence how analyze...

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